9年级第一学期期末考试微观经济学复习资料双语版

IGCSE经济期末考试复习重点(九年级)Topic1:Basiceconomicproblem1.thenatureofeconomicproblem（经济问题的本质）:Thecentraleconomicproblemisscarcity.（基本的经济问题是稀缺）Scarcitymeansthelimitedresourcescannotsatisfypeople’sunlimitedwants.（稀缺意味着有限的资源不能满足人类无限的欲望）Itleadsto:whattoproduce?Howtoproduce?Forwhomtoproduce?（它导致：生产什么？如何生产？为谁生产？）2.opportunitycost（机会成本）:Thebenefitsfromthenextbestthingforegone.（所放弃的次优选择的收益）Thereisanopportunitycostwhenpeoplehavetomakechoices.（当人们做选择的时候出现机会成本）3.factorsofproduction（生产要素）.1).Land:allnaturalresourcesusedinproduction.（投入生产的所有自然资源）e.g.oil,fish.2).Labor:allthephysicalandmentalcontributionofemployees.（所有雇员的脑力和体力投入）E.g.skilled/unskilledworker.3).Capital:man-maderesourcesusedtoproducingotherthings.（制造其它产品的人造资源）E.g.machines,tools,factories.4).Enterprise:theabilitytorunabusiness,organizetheotherthreefactorsofproduction,takeriskandmakeprofits.(运作企业，组织其它三种生产要素，承担风险和利润的能力).eg.entrepreneur4.productionpossibilitycurve（生产可能性曲线）:Acurvethatshowsthemaximumcombinationoftwotypesofproductsthatcanbeproducedwithexistingresources.(描述现有资源可以制造的两种产品的最大组合的曲线)5.Marketsystem:(privatesector)（市场经济体制）1)Meant:Theresourcesownedbyproducersandconsumers,（制造者和消费者拥有资源）demandandsupplydecideprices,（需求和供给决定价格）resourcesallocatedbypricemechanism,（价格机制用于分配资源）firmsaimtomakemostprofits,（企业目标是最大利润）theeconomyworkefficiently,（经济运作有效率）butitlacksofgovernmentintervention.（但没有政府干涉）2)Advantages（优点）:①Itproduceawidevarietyofgoodsandservicestosatisfyconsumers’wants.（制造大量的多种多样的产品和服务满足消费者欲望）②Itrespondsquicklytochangesinconsumerwants.（快速对消费者欲望变化做出反应）③Itencouragesinnovationsinproductsandnew,moreefficientmethodsofproductionbecausefirmscompetition,（鼓励产品创新和更有效率的生产方式因为企业竞争）productionbecomemoreefficient,（生产变得更有效率）lowercostsandincreasesalesandprofit.（降低成本，增加销售和利润）④Therearenotaxesonincomesandwealthorongoodsandservices.（对收入、财富或产品和服务没有税）3)Disadvantages（缺点）:①Onlyprofitablegoodsandserviceswillbeprovided.（仅仅有利润的产品和服务被提供）Itfailstoprovidepublicandmeritgoods.（不能提供公共品和优值品）②Resourceswillonlybeemployedifit’sprofitabletodoso.（资源只有有利润的时候才会被使用）③Harmfulgoodsmaybeproducedandavailablebecauseofprofits,（有害产品会被制造和提供）suchasdrugsandweapons（比如毒品和武器）.④Producersmayignoreharmfuleffectsoftheirproductiononenvironmentorpeople’shealth.（制造者忽视生产对环境或健康带来的有害影响）⑤Somemonopolyfirmsmaydominatethesupplyofagoodorserviceandchargehighprices.（一些垄断公司控制产品和服务的供给并提高价格）⑥Firmswillonlysupplyproductstoconsumerswhoareabletopayforthem.（企业仅仅供给产品给有能力支付的消费者）6.Mixedsystem:(howtoallocatedresourcesinmixedeconomy)Inthemixedsystem,bothprivate-sectorandpublicsectorownedandcontrolsscarceresources,producers,consumersandgovernmentdecideswhatandhowtoproduce.（在混合经济体制中，私有部门和公共部门拥有和控制稀缺资源，制造者、消费者和政府决定生产什么和如何生产）①privatesectorownscarceresourceswiththeaimofmakingmostprofit.(私有部门拥有稀缺资源，生产目的是利润最大化)②governmentorganizeresourcestoprovidesomegoodsandservicestopeopleinneedandcanalsouselawsandregulationstocontrolharmfulactivities.（政府组织资源去提供人们需要的产品和服务，同时使用法律和法规去控制有害活动）7.Theadvantagesofmixedsystem:Itattemptstoovercomethedisadvantagesofamarketeconomybyusinggovernmentinterventiontoregulatedifferentmarkets.（它企图通过使用政府干涉来规范不同的市场，克服市场经济体制的缺点）①Governmentcanprovidepublicgoodsandmeritgoods;itcanraisemoneybytaxes.（政府提供公共品和优值品，通过税收筹集资金）②Inamixedeconomy,thepublicsectorcanemploypeoplewhomayotherwisebeunemployedandprovideunemployedbenefitsandpaymentstolowincomespeople.（混合经济体制中，公共部门雇佣工人）③Governmentmaystopconsumingharmfulgoodsbymakingthemillegalorplacinghightaxes.(政府通过使其不合法或高税收来阻止消费有害产品)④Inamixedeconomy,governmentcanprotectthenaturalenvironmentorpeople’shealthandsafetybytax,lawsandregulations.(混合经济体制中，政府通过税收、法律法规来保护环境和人们健康)⑤Monopolycanregulatebygovernmenttokeeplowprices,orbebrokenupintosmallerfirmstoincreasecompetitionandchoice.（政府规范垄断企业控制价格，引导小企业加入行业增强竞争和选择）Topic2:marketforcesandmarketfailureSection1:marketprice(市场价格)1.Whatdeterminesthedemandforaproduct?（影响产品需求的因素有哪些？）1)Changesinthepriceofaproductcausesamovementalongthedemandcurve;（产品价格的变化导致沿着需求曲线的滑动）2)Changesinconsumer’sincomeandtaxesonincome;（消费者收入和收入税的变化）3)Thepricesofcomplementsandsubstitutes;（互补品和替代品的价格）4)Changesintastes,habit,fashionandpopularity;（口味、习惯、时尚、流行的变化）5)Advertising;(广告)6)Changesinpopulation;(size,agestructure)（人口的变化，比如规模、年龄结构）7)Otherfactors:weather;interestrates;law.（其它因素：天气、利息率、法律等）2.Whatdeterminesthesupplyforaproduct?（影响产品需求的因素有哪些？）1)Changesinthepriceofaproductcausesamovementalongthesupplycurve;（产品价格的变化导致沿着供给曲线的滑动）2)Changesinthecostoffactorsofproduction:wages,material,rent,socialsecurity;（生产要素成本的变化：工资、原材料、租金、社会保障等）3)Technicalprogress;（技术进步）4)Businessoptimism（企业乐观）5)Governmentssubsidyandindirecttaxes（政府补贴和间接税）6)Changesinotherproducts’profits（其它企业利润的变化）7)Otherfactors:weather,war,naturaldisaster,politicalfactors.（其它因素：天气、战争、自然灾害、政治因素等）3.Explain,withexample,whatarecomplementsandsubstitutes.（举例解释互补品和替代品的定义）Complementarygoodsareproductsthatneedstobeconsumedtogether,suchascarandpetrol.（需要一起消费的产品，比如汽车和汽油）Substitutesareproductsthatsimilarandcompetetosatisfythesameconsumerdemand,suchascoffeeandtea.（产品相似都能满足一种消费者需要，相互替代。比如：咖啡和茶）Section2:priceelasticityofdemandandsupply(PEDandPES)（需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性）1.Explainwhatismeantbypr