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Module8U1againstprep①与…相对,相反be/playagainst对抗②靠,依againstthewall靠墙③反对againstthewar反对战争standfor代表,象征;支持,主张(前通常为缩略字母)so…that…如此…以至于…+结果状语从句①肯定句:…enoughtodo②否定句:too…to注:①为了…sothatinorderthat(inorder)to+短语for②enoughadj/adv+enoughenough+n(n+enough)agree同意agreewithsb同意某人的观点agreetodosth同意做某事makesbdosth被动:bemadetodosthallowv允许allowsbtodosth允许某人做某事allowdoingsth允许做某事Nicework.=Goodjob.=Welldone.干得好gettosb=makesbupset/angry使某人烦恼注:gettosb也可译为影响某人so的倒装句(用于肯定句)①so+be/助v/情态v+主语也(上下两句共有2个人)②so+主语+be/助v/情态v是的(上下两句共有1个人)注:否定句中用nor/neither代替soU2+短语+目的状语从句首先firstofall=atfirst=first(表示次序)aboveall(表重要性)makesure确保,保证用法:①+ofsth②+that从句注:besure=Ibelieve.确信regularlyadv有规律地反义词:irregularly没规律地感官v:①系v+adj…起来例:taste,feel,sound注:此类无被动语态②实意v+sbdo被动:sbbevpptodo(同上的有make)(全过程;经常)doing被动:sbbevppdoing(一瞬间;正在进行)例:watch,find,see,hear,listento,lookat,notice,(observe,feel,smell这些暂时不用掌握)compare①比较,对照compareAwithB把A和B作比较②把…比作…compareAtoB把A比作Bsuccessucn成功cn成功的人或事注:succeedv①成功succeedindoing/withsth成功做某事/在某方面取得成功②继承succeedsb继承某人U3toughadj艰苦的;(东西)坚硬的;(人)顽固的atoughmatch一场艰苦的比赛atoughperson一个坚强的人(此做褒义)两三年twoorthreeyears=twoorthreeyears参加takepartin=joinin+活动join+组织/sb/团队enter+竞赛课堂练习一.汉译英1.WhatdoesCCTV_______________(代表),doyouknow?2.I’msorrytosayyou’vegot____________________没机会赢thematch.3.When_____ourschoolsportsmeeting__________?校运动会什么时候举行AttheendofJuly,2011二、挑战中考:1---Who’sthelittlebabyinthephoto,Susan?----It’sme.Thisphoto___________tenyearsago.(2008北京)AtakesBistakenCtookDwastaken2We’re_____cuttingtrees.It’sbadforourenvironment.AforBoffConDagainst3Lookatthesignontheright.Oh,parking________here.(河南中考题)Adoesn’tallowBisn’tallowedCdidn’tallowDwasn’tallowed.三.能力提高题1.We____thecompetition.They____withascoreof1:3.HowwonderfulAwon,defeatedBwon,weredefeatedCdefeated,wonDdefeated,defeated这些句子的被动句如何变?1Willyouseeafilm?2Wherewillsheteachmaths?3Didyourfatherwaterflowers?4Howmanyapplesdidyoueat?重点语法点被动语态讲解(一)、被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用被、受、给等词来表示被动意义。如:Heopenedthedoor.他打开了这扇门。(主动语态)Thedoorwasopened.这扇门被打开了。(被动语态)如:TheyspeakEnglish.他们讲英语。主语“他们”是“讲”这一行为的执行者,是主动句,动词用主动语态来表示;Englishisspokenbythem.英语由他们讲。主语“英语”是“讲”的承受者,是被动句,动词用被动语态的形式。Heopenedthedoor.他打开了这扇门。(主动语态)Thedoorwasopened.这扇门被打开了。(被动语态)(二)、被动语态的构成被动语态的构成助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词构成动词的被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。主动语态变被动语态1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语:注意:如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格。如:Tomkilledhim.→HewaskilledbyTom.主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。(2)将动词改为be+过去分词。Theyheldameetingyesterday.→Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他们昨天开会了。(3)将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。注意:如果原主语是代词,则应由主格变为宾格。Hesangasong.→Asongwassungbyhim.被动语态的基本用法1.需要强调动作的承受者时,用被动语态。Magazinesandnewspapersinthereading-roommustn'tbetakenaway.阅览室的杂志和报纸都不能带走。2.不知道或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时,应使用被动语态。HewaswoundedmanytimesduringtheAnti--JapaneseWar.他在抗日战争期间多次负伤。Theproblemhastobedealtwithrightnow.这个问题必须马上处理。3.当说话人需要强调客观时,用被动语态。Itissaidthatthetemperaturetomorrowwillbe40℃.据说明天的气温将要达到摄氏40度。Itishopedthattheywillbesuccessful.希望她们会获得成功。特别记住:这一类用法的句型还有:Itisbelievedthat...据信,大家相信Itisknownthat...众所周知Itissupposedthat...大家认为Itissuggestedthat...据建议,有人建议Itmustberememberedthat...务必记住Itistakenforgrantedthat...……被认为理所当然各种时态的被动语态一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词WearetaughtEnglishbyher.由她教我们英语。一般过去时:was/were+过去分词ApresentwasgiventomebyMary.玛丽给了我一件礼物。一般将来时:willbe+过去分词Thedeskwillbemendedbyhim.这张桌子将由他修理。现在进行时:am/is/are+being+过去分词Thewallsarebeingpaintednow.正在粉刷墙壁。过去进行时:was/were+being+过去分词Thetalkwasbeinggivenatthistimeyesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告。现在完成时:have/hasbeen+过去分词Theflowershavebeenwatered.这些花已经被浇了。过去完成时:hadbeen+过去分词Shesaidthislifthadneverbeenused.过去将来时:wouldbe+过去分词Thefilmwouldbeshownagainsometimenextweek.这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映。含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,be+过去分词部分不变。如:Tablescanbemadeofstone.桌子可由石头制造。Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时)Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)下列动词(词组)没有被动式:1、系动词无被动语态:以主动形式表示被动之意常见的系动词有:①be动词②……起来(7个):look/seem/appear,feel(感觉,摸起来),sound,smell,tastee.g.Sheseems/appearshappy.Itsmellsterrible.③(逐渐)变得/变成:become,grow,get,turn,come,goe.g.Hiswishhascometrue.Peopleoftenwenthungryintheolddays.Thetreeisgrowingtall.④保持:keep,staye.g.Wemustkeepquietinthereadingroom.2、happen,takeplace,breakout,belongto,cost,take3、不及物动词sell,wash,read,write,open,close,shut,lock,wear等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。1、Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.(×)昨天发生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.2、Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香。3、Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好。4、Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。5、Thekindofclothwasheswell.这种布很容易洗。6、Thearticlereadswell.这篇文章读起来很好。7、Thesupermarketopensat8:00inthemorning.超市在早上八点钟营业。8、Thedoorwon’tclose/shut.这门关不上。9、Thedoorlockseasily.这门容易锁。10、Thismaterialwearswell(won’twear).这种材料耐久(不耐久)含有双宾语的句子的被动语态有一些动词如give,buy等,后面常跟两个宾语--直接宾语和间接宾语;通常直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人;指物或指人的宾语都可以作为被动句子的主语。例如:例:①Shegavemeabook.=Shegaveapentobook.→Iwasgivenabookbyher.→Abookwasgiventomebyher.②MyfatherboughtmeaMP3.=MyfatherboughtaMP3forme.→IwasboughtaMP3by
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