城市商场火灾事故树的不确定性定量分析

可以表示时间,原因,结果,条件,行为方式或伴随动作等。1).Usingyourhead,you’llfindagoodway.Workinghard,you’llsurelysucceed.条件状语IfyouuseyourheadIfyouworkhard2).Beingpoor,hecouldn’taffordaTVset.Notknowingheraddress,wecan’tgetintouchwithher.(原因)BecausehewaspoorAswedon’tknowheraddress3).Walkinginthestreet,Isawatailor’s（裁缝的）shop.4).Hisfatherdied,leavingthefamilyevenworseoff.时间WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet.结果andthisleftthefamilyevenworseoff补充：现在分词作结果状语：（多用于句尾）Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.Hewascaughtintherain,________(make)himselfcatchcold.Ihurriedtoschool,_________（find）thatitwasSunday.注意:现在分词表示自然而然的、意料中的结果，前可加thus；如表示出乎意料的结果，需用不定式，前可加only.makingonlytofind5)Fourpeopleenteredtheroomlookingaroundinacuriousway.=Fourpeopleenteredtheroomandlookedaroundinacuriousway.6)Hecamerunningbacktotellmethenews.伴随状语方式现在分词作状语的几种形式1.一般形式：现在分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生用：doingHearingthesadnews,sheburstintotears.2.完成式：当分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生用分词的完成式：havingdoneHavingfinishedthehomework,shewenthome.一…就…，一边…一边…之后，已经…3.被动式：beingdoneBeingcriticisedbytheteacher,theboyhunghishead.4.完成被动式：havingbeendoneHavingbeenpraisedforhisjob,Tomworkedharder.正在被…已经被…注意：1.现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句中主语一致，它们之间是主动关系。如是被动关系，则用V-ed.注：但是短语generallyspeaking;judgingfrom/by;comparedwith等是固定搭配相当于小短语。不受主语影响。Judgingfromhisface,hewasveryangry.2.作状语的V-ing形式和句子之间通常有一个逗号隔开，不能用并列连词。1.Studyinghard,andyouwillpasstheentranceexaminationtocollege.2.Studyinghard,youwillpasstheentranceexaminationtocollege.3.Studyhard,andyouwillpasstheentranceexaminationtocollege.FTT3.有时为了使V-ing形式作状语所表达的意思更为明确,可在V-ing前加适当的连词（when;while;if;though;unless等）也可以看作是状语从句的省略形式。Whilewaitingforthebus,hemetMary.1.Havingnotseenthefilm,Ican’ttellyouwhatIthinkofit.2.Themenworkedforextrahoursgotanextrapay.3.Seenfromthetopofthehill,wefindthecitymorebeautiful.4.Generallyspeak,facialexpressionsarehelpfulcommunications,too.NothavingworkingSeeingspeaking单句改错5.“Can’tyouread?”themansaid,angrilypointedtothenoticeonthewall.6.Knockingatthedoorbeforeentering,please.7.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,madeitthemostpopularsportintheworld.pointingKnockmaking1.Thestrangersaidsomethingina_______voiceandthelittlegirlwasverymuch_______.(frighten)用所给单词的正确形式填空frightening,frightened2.Mothercaughttheboy________inthecorner.(smoke)smoking3.____________________theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanother2weeks.(complete)Nothavingcompleted4.“Wecan’tgooutinthisweather”,saidBob,_________outofthewindow.(look)looking5.______________suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(suffer)Havingsuffered7.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman________hishandintothepocketofapassenger.(put)putting8._____________inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.(wait)Havingwaited9.Thepicture_________onthewallispaintedbymynephew.(hang)hanging10.Generallyspeaking,when_____accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.(take)takenhang既可作vi.(强调状态)，又可作vt.(强调动作)。hang表被动时一般后面有by。Note:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,如不一致则要加上它自己逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为:独立主格结构I.名词普通格（代词主格）+__________1.TheNight______on(come),theystartedforhome.2.Thelastbus________(go),hehadtowalkhome.3.Time________(permit),wearegoingtoclimbthemountaintomorrow.4.Theyaretalkingwiththeteacher,theirchildren_______outside(play).5.It_____(rain),Iwenttoworkwithanumbrella.cominghavinggonepermittingplayingrainingdoingII.名词普通格（代词主格）+__________1.Histea_________(finish),hewentonwithhiswork.2.Hishomework______(do),hewenttowatchthegame.3.Hislegbadly_______(hurt),hehadtobesenttohospital.4.Thereport______(read),discussionbegan.finisheddonehurtreadIII.名词普通格（代词主格）+(being)+adj.(adv./prep-phrase/n./todo)1.Everything(being)ready,theystartedout.2.Themeeting(being)over,weallleftthehall.3.WuSongbeatthetigertodeath,twofists(being)hisonlyweapon..4.Guninhand,thesoldiersranupthehill.5.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.