figure-&-ground-图形背景理论

ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseWordOrderfromthePerspectiveofFigure-GroundTheory图形背景理论视角下英汉语序的对比研究论文的总结Outlineofthethesis•Chapter1Introduction•Chapter2LiteratureReview•Chapter3TheoreticalFramework•Chapter4ACaseStudyoftheMoonstoneandItsChineseVersionfromtheViewofFigure-GroundTheory•Chapter5ConclusionChapter2LiteratureReview•Figure-groundtheoryisoneofthebasiccognitiveprinciples.ItwasfirstintroducedintopsychologybyDanishpsychologistEdgarRubinin1915,andlaterintegratedintomorecomprehensiveframeworkofperceptualorganizationbythegestaltpsychologists.•Intermsofpresentstudy,figure-groundtheoryisdemonstratedtoexplainmanylanguagephenomenaefficiently,suchassyntacticdiversity,sentencestructure,useofpreposition,definitionofadverbialoftime,andstressmechanismofinversion,etc.•Talmy(1978)alsostudiesfigure-groundtheoryinsimpleandcomplexsentencesandbetweenevents.Theconclusionisthattherelationoffigureandgroundincomplexsentencesisdecidedinaccordancewiththefollowingfiveprinciples:sequenceprinciplecause-resultprincipleinclusionprinciplecontingencyprinciplesubstitutionprinciple•(1)Sequenceprinciple:•ThegirlwatchedTVaftershefinishedherhomework.•ThegirlwatchedTVisfigure;shefinishedherhomeworkisground.•(2)Cause-resultprinciple:•Ilikedhimbecausehetreatedmewell.•Ilikedhimisfigure;becausehetreatedmewellisground,•(3)Inclusionprinciple:•Sheawardedtwoscholarshipsduringheruniversitylife.•Sheawardedtwoscholarshipsisfigure;duringheruniversitylifeisground.•(4)Contingencyprinciple:•Shedreamtwhilesheslept.•Shedreamtisfigure;whileshesleptisground.•(5)Substitutionprinciple:•Iwouldhaveacolddrinkratherthancoffee.•Iwouldhaveacolddrinkisfigure;coffeeisground.•Langacker,alittledifferentfromTalmy,introducesanotherpairof“figureandground,namely,“trajectorandlandmark.•Thetrajectorreferstotheentityservingasamovingfigureorasbeinglocatedrelativetothelandmarkandthelandmarkreferstothegroundofamovingfigure.Chapter3TheoreticalFrameworkFigure-GroundSegregationThePrincipleofPragnanz•ThePrincipleofPragnanzisaguidingprinciplewhichreflectsthewaythatpeoplechoosesomethingasfigure.•“PrincipleofProximity:individualelementswithasmalldistancebetweenthemwillbeperceivedasbeingsomehowrelatedtoeachother.•PrincipleofSimilarity”:individualelementsthataresimilartendtobeperceivedasonecommonsegment.•“PrincipleofClosure:perceptualorganizationtendstobeanchoredinclosedfigures.•“PrincipleofContinuation:elementswillbeperceivedaswholesiftheyonlyhavefewinterruptions.•Abookisonthedesk.•thebookofthesentenceachievesthegestaltprincipleseasily,suchastheprincipleofclosureandtheprincipleofcontinuation.Therefore,thebookratherthanthedeskhasabetterchancetobeperceivedatthefirstsight,anditbecomessalientenoughforpeopletotakeitas“figure”,Furthermore,thebookismorelikelytobemovedaroundthanthedeskandthismayalsocontributetotheselectionoffigure.Researchmethodology•ThecasestudycollectsdatamainlyfromworldclassicworksTheMoonstonewrittenbyWilkieCollinsaswellasitsChineseversion.•ThedataanalysisisaimtoanalyzethedistinctionbetweenEnglishandChinesewordorderwhichliesindifferentchoosingoffigure-groundmodelsininformationprocessing.•ItisfirmlybelievedthatthecontrastivestudyofEnglishandChinesewordorderfromtheviewoffigure-groundtheorywouldcontributetofluenttranslationbetweentwolanguages.Chapter4ACaseStudyoftheMoonstoneandItsChineseVersionfromtheViewofFigure-GroundTheory•ContrastiveStudyandAnalysisofWordOrderundertheFigure-GroundTheoryGenerally,Chinesecomplieswithrulesoftimesequence,rulesofcause-effectsequence,etc.Nevertheless,Englishwordorderismoreflexible.TimeOrder•InChinese,eventsthathappenearlierwillbedescribedfirst,andeventsthathappenlaterwillbetalkedaboutafterwards.Sometimes•InEnglish,sentenceswillbeconstructedaccordingtothesequenceofactionorevents.TimeOrder:Similarities•“Inthatcase,”saysMnFranklin.“supposeIputyouuptomypointofview,beforewegoanyfurther“•“既然这样,”弗兰克林先生说,“我要先让你明白我的观点,然后才能往下谈……,,•InEnglish,Iputyouuptomypointofviewisputinthefirstplace,andthenwegoanyfurther.Chinesealsofollowsthesametimeorder,namely,我要先让你明白我的观点,然后才能往下谈.Still,EnglishandChinesefollowthesametimesequence.•Onlyyesterday,IopenedmyRobinsonCrusoeattheplace.Onlythismorning(Maytwenty-first,Eighteenhundredandfifty),camemylady’snephew,Mr.FranklinBlake,andheldashortconversationwithme.•就在昨天,我把我的《鲁宾逊漂流记》翻到了此处。就在今天早上(1850年的5月21日)我的女房东的外甥,弗兰克林.布莱克先生来了,他与我简短交谈。TimeOrder:Differences•ShehasneverspokenawordinprivatetoRosanna,sincethatunhappywomanfiresenteredmyhouse.•自从那个不幸的姑娘罗珊娜最初来到宅邸以来,她从来没有私下里跟这个姑娘说过一句话。•ThemainclauseprecedesthesubordinateclausefunctioningasareferenceentityinEnglishsentence.Therefore,itisatypicalinstancefollowingtheorderfromthefiguretotheground.•Bycontrast,theChineseequivalentisintheoppositesequence,andthesubordinateclause自从那个不幸的姑娘罗珊娜最初来到宅氏以来isplacedatthebeginningpartofthesentence,providingreferenceeventforthemainclause,whichcomplieswiththecommonexpressionofChinese.Thewholesentencefollowstheorderfromgroundtofigure.•Youaretemptingmewithnewprospect,whenallmyotherprospectsareclosedbeforeme.•当我其他的一切生活前景都暗淡下去的时候,你正用一种新的前景在引诱我。英语以新信息开始•Youaretempti