Walden 瓦尔登湖中英介绍ppt. - fina

WaldenHenryDavidThoreau1845年，28岁的梭罗住进瓦尔登自耕自食，两年有余实验生活他不是逃避人生，而是在探索人生，批判人生，振奋人生，阐述人生地更高规律。“Iwenttothewoods,becauseIwantedtolivedeliberately.Iwantedtolivedeepandsuckoutallthemarrowoflife.Toputtoroutallthatwasnotlife.Andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.”•《瓦尔登湖》与《圣经》诸书一同被美国国会图书馆评为“塑造读者的25本书”。在当代美国，它是读者最多的散文经典。•美国著名作家哈丁曾说，《瓦尔登湖》内容丰厚、意义深远，它是简单生活的权威指南，是对大自然的真情描述，是向金钱社会的讨伐檄文，是传世久远的文学名著，是一部圣书。评价译序：“《瓦尔登湖》是本静静的书，极静极静的书，并不是热热闹闹的书。它是一本寂寞的书，一本孤独的书。它只是一本一个人的书。如果你的心没有安静下来，恐怕你很难进入到这本书里去。我要告诉你的是，在你的心静下来以后，你就会思考一些什么。在你思考一些什么问题时，你才有可能和这位享利·戴维·梭罗先生一起，思考一下自己，更思考一下更高的原则。”——徐迟•WaldenisnotonlyagoodprosewhichcentersonthedescriptionofthelandscapeoftheWaldenPond,butalsoagreatphilosophyworkthatisfullofeducationalmeaningsWaldencontains18chaptersEconomy(经济篇）ComplementaryVerses（补充诗节）WhereILived,andWhatILivedFor（我的生活所在；我的生活追求）Reading（阅读）Sounds（声音)Solitude(隐居）Visitors（访客）TheBean-Field（豆田）TheVillage（镇子）ThePonds（湖）BakerFarm（贝克田庄）HigherLaws（更高的法则）BruteNeighbors（禽兽为邻）House-Warming（室内取暖）FormerInhabitants;andWinterVisitors（昔日的居民和冬天的访客）WinterAnimals（冬天的禽兽）ThePondinWinter（冬天的湖）Spring（春天）Synopsis(contents)•Economy–Thisisthefirstchapterandalsothelongestbyfar.Thoreaubeginsbyoutlininghisproject:atwo-yearandtwo-monthstayatacrudecabininthewoodsnearWaldenPond.Hedoesthis,hesays,inordertoillustratethespiritualbenefitsofasimplifiedlifestyle.Heeasilysuppliesthefournecessitiesoflife(food,shelter,clothing,andfuel).Hemeticulouslyrecordshisexpendituresandearnings,demonstratinghisunderstandingofeconomy,ashebuildshishouseandbuysandgrowsfood.Forahomeandfreedom,hespendsamere$28.13.•ComplementaryVerses–Thischapterconsistsentirelyofapoem,ThePretensionsofPoverty,byseventeenth-centuryEnglishpoetThomasCarew.Thepoemcriticizesthosewhothinkthattheirpovertygivesthemunearnedmoralandintellectualsuperiority.Synopsis(contents)•WhereILived,andWhatILivedFor–Afterplayingwiththeideaofbuyingafarm,Thoreaudescribeshiscabin'slocation.ThenheexplainsthathetookuphisabodeatWaldenWoodssoastolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflife,andseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithadtoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.•Reading–Thoreauprovidesdiscourseonthebenefitsofreadingclassicalliterature(preferablyintheoriginalGreekorLatin)andbemoansthelackofsophisticationinConcord,manifestedinthepopularityofpopularliterature.HeyearnsforautopiantimewheneachNewEnglandvillagewillsupportwisementoeducateandtherebyennoblethepopulation.Synopsis(contents)•Visitors–Thoreauwritesaboutthevisitorstohiscabin.Amongthe25or30visitorsisayoungFrench-Canadianwoodchopper,AlecTherien,whomThoreauidealizesasapproachingtheidealman,andarunawayslave,whomThoreauhelpsonhisjourneytofreedominCanada.•TheBean-Field–Thoreaurelateshiseffortstocultivatetwoandahalfacresofbeans.HeplantsinJuneandspendshissummermorningsweedingthefieldwithahoe.Hesellsmostofthecrop,andhissmallprofitof$8.71covershisneeds.•TheVillage–ThoreauvisitsthesmalltownofConcordeverydayortwotoheartheInlatesummer,heisarrestedforrefusingtopayfederaltaxes,butisreleasedthenextday.Heexplainsthatherefusestopaytaxestoagovernmentthatsupportsslavery.Synopsis(contents)•BakerFarm–Whileonanafternoonrambleinthewoods,Thoreaugetscaughtinarainstormandtakesshelterinthedirty,dismalhutofJohnField,apennilessbuthard-workingIrishfarmhand,andhiswifeandchildren.ThoreauurgesFieldtoliveasimplebutindependentandfulfillinglifeinthewoods,therebyfreeinghimselfofemployersandcreditors.ButtheIrishmanwon'tgiveuphisdreamsofluxury,whichistheAmericandream.•HigherLaws–Thoreaudiscusseswhetherhuntingwildanimalsandeatingmeatisgood.Heconcludesthattheprimitive,animalsideofhumansdrivesthemtokillandeatanimals,andthatapersonwhotranscendsthispropensityissuperiortothosewhodon't.(Thoreaueatsfish.)Inadditiontovegetarianism,helaudschastity,work,andteetotalism.Synopsis(contents)•FormerInhabitants;andWinterVisitors–ThoreaurelatesthestoriesofpeoplewhoformerlylivedinthevicinityofWaldenPond.Thenhetalksaboutthefewvisitorshereceivesduringthewinter:afarmer,awoodchopper,andapoet(ElleryChanning).•WinterAnimals–Thoreauamuseshimselfbywatchingwildlifeduringthewinter.Herelateshisobservationsofowls,hares,redsquirrels,mice,andvariousbirdsastheyhunt,sing,andeatthescrapsandcornheputoutforthem.Healsodescribesafoxhuntthatpassesby.Synopsis(contents)•Spring–Asspringarrives,Waldenandtheotherpondsmeltwithstentorianthunderingandrumbling.Thoreauenjoyswatchingthethaw,andgrowsecstaticashewitnessesthegreenrebirthofnature.Hewatchesthegeesewingingtheirwaynorth,andahawkplayingbyitselfinthesky.Asnatureisreborn,thenarratorimplies,soishe.HedepartsWaldenonSeptember8,1847.•Conclusion–Thisfinalchapterismorepassionateandurgentthanitspredecessors.Init,hecriticizesconformity:Ifamandoesnotkeeppacewithhiscompanions,perhapsitisbecausehehearsadifferentdrummer.Lethimsteptothemusicwhichhehears,howevermeasuredorfaraway.Bydoingthesethings,menmayfindhappinessandself-fulfillment.•IleftthewoodsforasgoodareasonasIwentthere.PerhapsitseemedtomethatIhadseveralmorelivestolive,andcouldnotspareanymoretimeforthatone.Itisremarkablehoweasilyand