认知语言学课件

1)Introduction2)PrototypesandCategoriesWeek1and2DefiningcognitivelinguisticsThreemainapproachesofcognitivelinguisticsReferencesIntroductionCognitiveLinguisticsisthemostrapidlyexpandingschoolinmodernLinguistics.Itaimstocreateascientificapproachtothestudyoflanguage,incorporatingthetoolsofphilosophy,neuroscienceandcomputerscience.Cognitiveapproachestolanguagewereinitiallybasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit(philosophicalthinkingaboutthemind).Bedistinguishedfroma‘logical’viewoflanguage.DefinitionofcognitivelinguisticsOurcarhasbrokendownTraditionalExplanation—GrammaticalstructureModernExplanation—EstablishabodyofLogicalrulesforgeneratingthegrammaticalsentencesCognitiveExplanation—RepresentedbythreemainapproachesExperientialviewProminenceviewAttentionviewThreemainapproachesofcognitivelinguisticsItsmainclaimisthatinsteadofpostulatinglogicalrulesandobjectivedefinitionsonthebasisoftheoreticalconsiderationsandintrospection,amorepracticalandempiricalpathshouldbepursued.Forexample,Asklanguageuserstodescribewhatisgoingonintheirmindswhentheyproduceandunderstandwordsandsentences.(acar)ExperientialviewTheexperientialviewofwordsprovidesamuchricherandmorenaturaldescriptionoftheirmeanings.Cognitivelinguistsbelievethatoursharedexperienceoftheworldisalsostoredinoureverydaylanguageandcanthusbegleanedfromthewayweexpressourideas.Thetransferofourexperienceofwell-knownobjectsandeventsisevenmoreimportantwhereabstractcategorieslikeemotionsisinvolved.Forexample,Dadexploded.Theprominenceviewprovidesoneexplanationofhowtheinformationinaclauseisselectedandarranged.ForExampleThecarcrashedintothetree.Thetreewashitbythecar.ProminenceviewThisviewisbasedontheassumptionthatwhatweactuallyexpressreflectswhichpartsofaneventattractourattention.ForexampleThecarcrashedintotree.Analysingthesentenceintermsofattentionallocation,theattentionalviewexplainswhyonestageoftheeventisexpressedinthesentenceandwhyotherstagesarenot.Attentionalview辛斌.认知语言学理论的发展、应用及跨学科研究——第四届全国认知语言学研讨会综述[J].外语研究,2006(6)廖巧云.认知语言学研究的新概括--《认知语言学》述介[J],现代外语2005(2)熊学亮.认知语言学简述[J].外语研究,2001(3)张辉.认知语言学研究现状[J].外语研究,2001(3)ReferencesIntroduction:LanguageandCategorization(范畴化)Focalcolours(焦点色)ThepsychologicalbackgroundoffocalcoloursPrototypicalshapes(形状)PrototypicalorganismandobjectGoodexamples,badexamplesandcategoryReferencesPrototypesandCategoriesVagueentityandvagueness(含糊性,模糊性)Fuzzinessandfuzzycategory(模糊范畴)Labov’sexperimentsandconclusionGoodexamples,badexamplesandcategoryboundariesInformantsinLabov’sexperimentswereshownlinedrawingsofcupsandothervessels.Thedrawingswerepresentedonebyoneandtheinformantswereaskedtonamethem.Theresultoftheexperimentshowsthatconsistencyis100percentforprototypebutdecreasestowardsthemarginalmembers.Labov’sexperimentConclusionCategoriesdonotrepresentarbitrarydivisionsofthephenomenaoftheworld,butshouldbeseenasbasedonthecognitivecapacitiesofthehumanmind.Cognitivecategoriesofcolours,shapes,butalsooforganismsandconcreteobjectsareanchoredinconceptuallysalintprotypes,whichplayacrucialpartintheinformationofcategories.theboundariesofcognitvecategoriesarefuzzy,i.e.neighbouringcategoriesarenotseparatedbyrigidboundaries,butmergedintoeachother.Betweenprototypesandboundaries,cognitvecategoriescontainmemberswhichcanberatedonatypicalityscalerangingfromgoodtobadexamples.Note:cognitivecategoriesareequivalentwiththemeaningsofthesewords;whilewordswhicharepolysemous(多义词)mightdenoteseveralcategories.(Chair-主席,椅子)Theterms‘vagueentity’and‘vagueness’’refertoonetypeoftransitionzone,whicharisesfromtheobservationthatsomeconcreteentitiesdonothaveclear-cutboundariesinreality(kneeandotherbodyparts;fog,snowandsimilarweatherphenomenaandlandscapeformslikevalleyormountain.VagueentityandvaguenessFuzzinessreferstothecategoryboundariesofentities(chairetc.)andthesecategoriesaretheproductofcognitiveclassification.Itisnottheboundariesofentitiesthatarevague,buttheboundariesofthesecognitivecategories(here:chairsandnon-chairs).Infact,therearesomecaseswherevaguenessandfuzzinesscoincide.(mountain)Alltypesofconcreteentitiesandnaturalphenomenalikecoloursareconceptuallyorganizedintermsofprototypecategories,whosedoundariesdonotseemtobeclear-cut,butfuzzy.FuzzinessandfuzzycategoryDoexercise2,4onpage20Thenotionofprototypecanbeextendedtoentitieswhicharelessobviouslyperceptual.Rosch’sexperiments(1973,1975)Askthestudentstojudgethegoodness(typicality)ofcategorymembers(birds,fruitetc.)withoutreferringtothetextbooks.Thegoodnessratingswerealsoconfirmedinmatchingexperimentsinwhichthe‘priming’techniqueswasused.(Rosch,1975).—theadvanceinformationwhichiscalledupbytheprimedcategorynameismostreadilyappliedtogoodexamples.PrototypicalOrganismsandObjectsThecategoriesareformedaroundprototypes,whichfunctionascognitivereferencepoints.Categorizationinvolvesdifferentdegreesoftypicality.Drawsomeshapes(3sets)ontheblackboardSquaresandtheothergoodformsarealsoprimecandidatesfor‘natural’prototypesinthedomainofgeometricalshapes,similartothefocalcoloursincolour