week 5chapter2 From Phonetics to Phonology CSCDFVa

IntroductiontoLinguisticsbyWangBojiaFromPhoneticstoPhonologyWeek5ValuesofSoundsBasicconceptsPhonemes音素Allophones语位变体Minimalpair最小对立体Phonologicalprocess&rulesDistributionSimilarityanddifference[pa]八[pʰa]爬[ta]搭[tha]他[ka]嘎[kha]卡Sowesay‘p’,‘t’,‘k’haveseveralrepresentativesinconcreteuse.Similarityanddifferencep-soundspea[pʰi:]spin[spin]sip[sip┐]t-soundstea[thi:]steam[sti:m]sit[sit┐]k-soundskey[khi:]skin[skin]sick[sik┐]TwolevelsofrepresentationUnderlyinglevel:/p/phonemiclevelSurfacelevel:[p][pʰ][p┐]phoneticlevel/t/[t][tʰ][t┐]Phonemictranscriptionsareplacedbetweentwoslashes//Phonetictranscriptionsareplacedbetweensquarebrackets[]BroadtranscriptionNarrowtranscriptionTwolevelsofrepresentationTheabstractunderlyingunitsareknownasphonemeswhilethepredictablesurfacerealizationsareknownasallophonesThephoneme/p/isrealizedastheallophone[pʰ]word-initiallyAstheallophone[p]inaninitialclusterfollowing[s]Astheallophone[p┐]attheendofawordPhonemesAPhonemeisa“unitofexplicitsoundcontrast”AsaabstractrepresentationPhonemeisnotsomethingthatcanbepronounced;Itisnotaspeechunititself.AllophonesThephoneticvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesPeak[pʰi:k]aspirated送气音的Speak[spi:k]non-aspirated/p/[p]/s__[pʰ]word-initialAllophonyLead[li:d]Deal[di:ɫ]velarization软腭化/l/[l]/___V[ɫ]/V___ThePhoneme/l/ispronouncedas[l]beforeavowelandas[ɫ]afteravowelContrastivesounds对立分布音[p][b]Whatpositionscantheyoccurwithinaword?Whatsoundsprecedeandafterthem?pigbigpassbasstaptabnapnab[p]and[b]occurinword-initialandword-finalpositionscanprecedeandbefollowedbythesamesegmentsoccurinidentical完全相同的environment；theycandistinguishmeaningContrastivesounds对立分布音[p][b][p]and[b]arecontrastivebecausetheydistinguishthemeaningineachpairofwordsTheyareallophonesofseparatephonemespigbigpassbasstaptabnapnab/p/[p]/b/[b]MinimalpairstestUsedtofindoutwhichsoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning.Whatisaminimalpair?Itisapairofwordswhichdifferbyjustonesound,andwhicharedifferentlexicalitemsdeedanddogminimalpairs???No!ThevowelandfinalconsonantinthesetwosoundsaredifferentRefertotable2.5onpage39fortheexamplesofminimalpairsforEnglishvowelphonemesForexample:[bat]and[mat],[deed]and[seed]areminimalpairs[b]and[m],[d]and[s]arecontrastivesoundsPhonologicalprocesses&rulesPhonemiclevel/t/Phoneticlevel[t][tʰ][t┐]1.What’stherelationshipbetweenphonemesandallophones?2.Howcanaspeakertranslatephonemesintoactualspeechsounds?1.PhonemicformRulesPhoneticform2.Itisaspeaker’sknowledgeofphonologicalrulesthatallowshimorherto“translate”phonemesintoactualspeechsoundsAssimilation同化cap[kæp]can[kæ̃n]tap[tæp]tan[tæ̃n]tent[tɛnt]tenth[tɛn̪θ]ninety[naɪnti]ninth[naɪn̪θ]since[sɪns]sink[sɪŋk]mince[mɪns]mink[mɪŋk]Nasalization鼻音化Dentalization齿音化Velarization软腭化Assimilation定义causingasoundtobecomemorelikeaneighboringsoundwithrespecttosomefeature；thesegmentaffectedbytheruleassimilatesortakesonafeaturefromanearbysoundAssimilationRegressiveassimilation逆化（后面影响前面）:whenafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsoundAB/__CProgressiveassimilation顺化（前面影响后面）:whenaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsoundAB/C__Considerthewordcan/kæn/,ithasafinal/n/initsphonemicformIcanask[aykænæsk]Icansee[aykænsi]Icanbake[aykæmbek]Icanplay[aykæmple]Icango[aykæŋgo]Icancome[aykæŋkʌm]/n/ispronouncedas[m]beforealabialstop[ŋ]beforeavelarstop[n]elsewhereHowfricatives摩擦音andaffricates破擦音areassimilatedinvoicingFivepast[fɑɪvpɑːst][fɑɪfpɑːst]Loveto[lʌvtə][lʌftə]Hasto[hæztə][hæstə]Ascanbeshown[əzkənbɪʃəʊn][əskənbɪʃəʊn]Losefive-nil[luːzfɑɪvnɪl][luːsfɑɪvnɪl]Edgetoedge[ɛʤtəɛʤ][ɛtʃtəɛʤ]Devoicing浊音清化rulesAprocessbywhichvoicedsoundsbecomevoiceless/v/[f]/z/[s][ʤ][tʃ]voicedfricativevoiceless/____voicelessavoicedfricativeistransformedintothecorrespondingvoicelesssoundwhenitappearsbeforeavoicelesssoundInsertion插入rulesknownasEpenthesis插音Aglottalstop[ʔ]insertionInEnglish,[ʔ]isoptionallyinsertedbeforeastressedword-initialvowelE.gThat’sawful!/afl//ʔafl/a/anAhotel,aboy,abigman,abananaAnapple,anhonor,anorange,anoldladyThelackofaconsonantbetweenvowelsthatrequiresthenasal[n]tobeaddedtothearticleathisprocessofinsertionisknownasEpenthesis插音ø[n]/[ə]____VEnglishnominalpluralformsThepluralsuffix–(e)sispronouncedinthreeways:[s]aftervoicelesssoundsotherthan/s,ʃ,tʃ/[z]aftervoicedsoundsotherthan/z,ʒ,ʤ/[əz]after/s,ʃ,tʃ,z,ʒ,ʤ/(sibilants齿擦音，发咝音的)Desk[dɛsk]Desks[dɛsks]Chair[tʃeə]Chairs[tʃeəz]box[bɒks]Boxes[bɒksəz]Bus-esBox-esCouch-esBridgesAshesCat-sRat-sDisk-sLight-sCup-sDoor-sWindow-sBee-sSofa-s/z/---[s]/aftervoicelessstops---[z]/elsewhere---[əz]/aftersibilants[s,z,ʃ,tʃ,dʒ]Dog-sBowl-sPen-sWardrobe-scupboards-əz-s-z-zThederivedformfrom[z]:/z/[s]/[-voice,C]_____(devoicing)Ø[ə]/[+sibilant]____[z](Epenthesis)Epenthesiswillalwaysapplybeforedevoicing浊音清化Deletion删除rules/h/deletioninunstressedsyllables非重读音节,e.ghehandedherhishat.[hihændɛdrizhæt]UnstressedvoweldeletionPolice/pəlis/maybepronouncedas[plis]Believe/bəliv/maybepronouncedas[bliv]Distributionalpatterns分布格局BasicconceptsContrastivedistribution对立分布Complementarydistribution互补分布Principlesofchoosingphon