《英语修辞学》第八章

EnglishRhetoricBySongPingfengChapterEightSyntacticFiguresofSpeech(I)Page28.1Repetition重复8.1.1Immediaterepetition直接重复8.1.2Intermittentrepetition间歇重复8.2Anaphora首语重复8.3Epiphora尾语重复8.4Simploce双重重复8.5Anadiplosis联珠法8.6Parallelism排比8.7Antithesis对偶；对照ContentsofThisChapterPage38.1Repetition(1)Repetitionv.s.RedundancyRedundancyisakindoffaultywording,whichresultsfromideologicalconfusion.Repetitionisapowerfulrhetoricaldevicewhichcreatesgoodrhythmandparallelismtomakethelanguagemusical,emphatic,attractiveandmemorable.E.g.NowIwasshockednotonlybythedisclosurebutIwasequallyshockedbythefactthatmyfellowseminarparticipantswerenotshocked.Shesawthereanobject.Thatobjectwasthegallows.Shewasafraidofthegallows.Page4Apowerfulrhetoricaldevicewhichcreatesgoodrhythmandparallelismtomakethelanguagemusical,emphatic,attractiveandmemorable.E.g.Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.(Proverb)一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。Page5(2)Purposes:KnittheideastogetherEmphasizeanideaGenerateemotionalforceOCaptain!MyCaptain!Riseupandhearthebells;Riseup－foryoutheflagisflung－foryouthebugletrills,Foryoubouquetsandribbon'dwreaths－foryoutheshorescrowding,Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturing;啊，船长！我的船长！起来听听这钟声，起来吧－－旌旗在为你招展－－号角在为你欢鸣，为你，岸上挤满了人群－－为你，人们准备了无数的鲜花和花环，为你，雀跃的人群在欢呼，他们在急切地瞭望；E.g.Page6(3)Classification:Repetitioncanbeofsounds,words,phrasesorsentences.Accordingtodifferentstandards,itcanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypes.Waysofrepetition:immediaterepetitionandintermittentrepetitionPlaceofrepetition:anaphora,epiphora,simploce,andanadiplosisPage78.1.1Immediaterepetition直接重复Immediaterepetitionreferstothewaywords,phrasesorsentencesarerepeatedwithoutintervals.Immediaterepetitionismainlyusedforemphasis,butitisalsousedtoexpressvariousemotions.Forexample,Voice:Letmein.Letmein.Vigdis.Thord.Vigdis:Who’sthere?Voice:Open!Open!ForGod’ssake.Letmein!(JohnMasefield:TheLockedChest)(--toindicatefrightandtension)Lear:Andmypoorfoolishang’d.No,no,nolife!Whyshouldadog,ahorse,arathavelife,andthounobreathatall?Thou’ltcomenomore.Never,never,never,never,never!(Shakespeare:KingLear)(--toindicatedespair)Page88.1.2Intermittentrepetition间歇重复Intermittentrepetitionreferstothewaytherepeatedwords,phrasesorsentencesareseparatedbysomeotherwords,phrasesorsentences.Forexample,Weshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.(JohnF.Kennedy)(expressstrongdetermination)Whentherightpeoplegettogetherfortherightreasonintherightplaceintherightwayandattherighttime,therightkindofmemoriesareinthemaking.(emphasizingtheimportanceofrightfulness)Itisusedforemphasis,forexpressingstrongemotionsorforsomespecialpurposes.Page98.2Anaphora首语重复(1)Anaphorainvolvestherepetitionofthesamewordatthebeginningofsuccessiveclauses,sentencesorverses.(2)Anaphoraiscommonlyinconjunctionwithclimaxandparallelisminordertogainmoreemphasistoconveystrongemotions.(3)Anaphoraiscommonlyusedinpoetryandpublicspeech.Forexample,Iwanttoknowhowlongshe’sbeenthere,Iwanttoknowwhatshe’sthereatallfor.(W.Howells)“Youhaveallmysecrets,”sheleered.Tearsslid;tearsfell;tears,likediamonds,collectingpowderintherutsofhercherryblossomcheeks.(V.Woolf:“TheDuchessandtheJeweller”)Page10欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。（出自《大学》）Lightcome,lightgo.Loveme,lovemydog.Harmhatch,harmcatch.Outofsight,outofmind.Page118.3Epiphora尾语重复(1)Epiphoraistheoppositeofanaphora.Itistherepetitionofthesamewordsorphrasesattheendofsuccessivelines,clausesorsentences.(2)Epiphoraisanextremelyemphaticdevicebecausetheemphasisisplacedonthelastwordinaphraseoronthelastphraseinaclauseorsentence.Forexample,Thatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.(FrancisBacon:“OfStudies”)Ifslaveryisnotwrong,nothingiswrong.Sownothing,reapnothing.Page12Afinewoman!afairwoman!asweetwoman!(Shakespeare:Othello)Andwillyou,nillyou,Iwillmarryyou.(Shakespeare)Sownothing,reapnothing.Graspall,loseall.Wastenot,wantnot.没有播种就没有收获。什么都想要,什么也得不到;贪多必失;欲尽得，必尽失不浪费，不愁缺；俭以防匮。Page138.4Simploce双重重复Simploceinvolvestherepetitionoftwosetsofphrases,ofwhichonesetisrepeatedatthebeginningofeachclause,sentenceorverselineandtheothersetisrepeatedattheendofeachofthem.Thepatternis“a……b//a……b”.Forexample,Broadlyspeaking,humanbeingsmaybedividedintothreeclasses:thosewhoaretoiledtodeath,thosewhoareworriedtodeath,thosewhoareboredtodeath.Thisistheworld’sfight.Thisiscivilization’sfight.Thisisthefightofallwhobelieveinprogressandpluralism,toleranceandfreedom.Page14所谓修身在其正心者，身有所忿懥，则不得其正；有所恐惧，则不得其正；有所好乐，则不得其正；有所忧患，则不得其正。——《大学》Inacake,nothingtasteslikerealbutter,nothingmoistenslikerealbutter,nothingenricheslikerealbutter,nothingsatisfieslikerealbutter.Page158.5AnadiplosisItistherepetitionofthelastpartofaunitorsentenceatthebeginningofthenextunitorsentence,whosepatternis/……a,a……/.Ifthisdeviceisrepeatedseveraltimes,itistermedchain-repetition.Forexample,Thekingwasbadtemperedbecausehewasoftenill.Hewasoftenillbecausehe