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当前位置:首页 > 中学教育 > 初中教育 > 2017年高考动词不定式要点归纳
1动词不定式一、学习目标不定式的基本形式是“小品词to+动词原形”,但有时也可省去“to”。不定式既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词,形容词和副词的句法功能。(一).不定式的形式不定式有6种形式,以动词write为例主动态被动态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting完成进行式tohavebeenwriting否定式:not+不定式(二).不定式的时态一般说来,不定式一般式表示的动作有时与限定动词表示的动作同时发生,也有时发生在限定动词表示的动作之后。如:Whoheardhimsaythat?Heseemstoknowthis.(Itseemsthatheknowsthis.)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(IhopethatI’llseeyouagain.)Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.不定式进行式表示动作正在进行,通常与限定动词表示的动作同时发生,如:Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前,如:Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.(IamsorrythatIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother.(三).不定式的句法功能(1)作主语Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.ToknowsomethingaboutEnglishisonething;tomasterEnglishisquiteanother.不定式短语作主语时,为了保持句子的平衡,往往以先形词it作行式主语,而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后,如:It’snicetohearyourvoice(2)作表语Herjobistolookafterthechildreninthenursery.Theproblemistofindasolution.Herwishistobecomeanartist.注:不定式作系动词be的表语与表示将来“be+不定式”结构的主要区别是,前者不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,而后者不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如:Yourjobistocleanthewindows.(不定式作表语)Youaretocleanthewindows.(“be+不定式”结构)(3)作宾语2常用于及物动词:want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,offer,prefer,begin,start,remember,continue,try,ask,mean,intend,attempt,decide,determine,expect,forget,agree,intend,plan,know,learn,promise,pretend,refuse,afford,manage,help等之后,如:Tomrefusedtospeakontheradiofor$1000aminute.Shedeterminedtostudyharder.Youshouldcontinuetolearnaslongasyoulive.注1:如果作宾语的不定式又有自己的补语,则须用先行词it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式后置,如:Iconsideritbetternottogo.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.WhenMarxwasalreadyinhisfifties,hefounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.注2:不定式一般不能作介词的宾语,只有在极少数介词如:but,except等后边才行。此时不定式可以带to或不带to,如:Inverycoldwinterweatheracold-bloodedanimalhasnochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.Therewasnothinglefttodobutcleanthewindows.(前边有do,to省略)但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语,如:Inoneofhisbooks,Marxgavesomeadviceonhowtolearnaforeignlanguage.Ihavenoideaaboutwhattodonext.(4)作宾语补足语通常用于使役动词和感官及物动词或动词短语:want,wish,ask,order,beg,tell,permit,know,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,require,callon,waitfor等之后,如:Theteacheraskedthestudentstohandintheirhomework.Willyoupermitanoldstudenttoshakehandswithyou?Mydoctoradvisedmetogototheparkforachangeofair.(5)作定语不定式作定语时,须放在被它修饰的名词或代词之后。通常有以下几种情况:A.被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑宾语,如:Ihavealotofworktodo.Haveyougotsomethingtosay?B.不定式说明它所修饰的名词或代词的内容,如:Intheolddaysthepoorhadnochancetogotoschool.TomthoughtoutaplantopunishMary.C.被修饰的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,如:Theroomwasquitedarkinside,sohemadesomecandlestogivelight.如果不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具,不定式后面就应有必要的介词,如:Agoodwaytobeginwithistoaskthequestion:whatissugarmadeof?Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.***如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way,不定式后面习惯上要省略介词,如:Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.***当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,又可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。所以如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语作的,不定式用主动3试比较:Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式tosend的逻辑主语是you)Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式tobesent的逻辑主语是已被省略的me或someoneelse)I’vegotletterstowrite.Hehassomethingtosaytoyou.但是,在以thereis(are)引起的句子中,无论用来修饰主语的不定式用主动语态或被动语态,其意义一般没有区别,如:Thereisnotimetolose(or:tobelost)Thereisalottosay(or:tobesaid)aboutthisbook.有时作定语的不定式与修饰的名词或代词中间夹有句子的其他成分(定语,状语等),如:I’vegotsomethingveryimportanttosay.(6)作状语A.作修饰动词的目的状语Theyranovertowelcomethestudents.Wemustdoeverythingwecantohelpthem.Duringthenexttenyearswebothworkednightanddaytopayforthenecklace.不定式作目的状语如果放在句子前面,则更为正式一些,语气也较重,如:Tobeateacherofthepeople,onemustfirstbetheirpupil.当强调不定式所表示的目的时,可与inorder(to)或soas(to)连用。soas(to)引出的目的状语只能置于句尾,inorder(to)引出的目的状语在句首句尾均可。如:Howmuchdoyouwantinordertodoit?InordertomasterEnglishwemustworkhardatit.Hewassopoornowthatheevenhadtosellsomepartofhissetsoastohavemoneytobuysomefood.inaneffort(to)(以便,力图,尽力)也是和不定式连用表示目的的,如:Thesoldierswerekeptbusyhurryingfromonetowntoanotherinanefforttocontrolthepeople.B.作修饰动词的结果状语不定式结果状语常表示一种事先没有预料到的情况或结果,需放在被修饰动词的后面,如:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?有时为了进一步加强意料不到的语气,在表示结果的不定式前还可加only,如:Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.C.作修饰动词的原因状语不定式置于句子后边,表明造成主语感情变化的原因,如:Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.ThewholenationwasindeepsorrowtolearnofPremierZhouEnlai’sdeath.D.作修饰表语形容词的状语:修饰形容词的不定式用主动:Thechairiscomfortabletositin.InhisearlychildhoodTomwasslowtolearntotalkE.作修饰补语形容词的状语Wefoundtheproblemdifficulttosolve.4Doyouthinkhimeasytoworkwith?F.在以下两种结构中,作结果状语或程度状语。《1》too+形容词(或副词)+todo太-----(以致)不能(做)Atrainwascomingnearquickly,andtheboywastoofrightenedtomove.Itistoodarkforustoseeanythingintheroom.《2》形容词(或副词)+enough+todo-------得足以(做)Isyourboyoldenoughtogotoschool?Thequestionissimpleenoughforhimtoanswer.注:如果too前面有only,则onlytoo=very,是肯定的含义,如:TheyareonlytoogladtohaveanopportunitytovisittheGreatWall.too---notto:Heistoowisenottoseethat.(8)作独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Iamalmostfreezing.Tomakemattersworse,…Tobefrankwithyou/tospeakfrankly,…Tomakethestoryshort,…Tocutalongstoryshort,…Tobeginwith(首先),…(四)“疑问词+不定式”结构不定式可以和疑问代词who,whom,whose,what,which及疑问副词when,how,where等连用,构成动词不定式短语,在句中起名词作用,可作主语,宾语,表语等成分,这时,它相当于一个名词性从句。(1)作主语Howtogetridofthesethingsisverycomplicated.(2)作宾语常用作以下
本文标题:2017年高考动词不定式要点归纳
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