美国农村社区互助养老-村庄-模式的发展及启示-张彩华

“”(中国农业大学人文与发展学院，北京100193)“”“”“”“”、、、、“”“”。“”C913．7A1007－5194201506－0132－06201476514.5%120506516.7%6520.9%2“”856593%33。“Home－andCommunity－basedServicesHCBS”。“Villages”“”。1“”2001“BeaconHillVillageBHV”“”。“”“VillageMovement”。2010BHVCapitalImpactPartnersCIP“”———VtVVillagetoVil-lageNetwork。201266“”2015170“”403160“”“”、2007330“”6%72%22%4。31242/320%52、“”。2“”2.1服务区域及老龄化特征1“”、、ECHHOEcumenicalChristianHelpingHandsOrganizationCommunityConnections“”。“”6516.35%·231··201562015－10－131989—1976—。DOI:10.16501/j.cnki.50-1019/d.2015.06.02413.00%856516.38%13.64%。“”46.2201037.6。“”“”。1“”n=13“”65%85%ShareCareLeelanau1993150.323.4113.87ECHHO1997153.926.2510.53CommunityConnections2006649.09.1615.23VineyardVillageAtHome2007142.716.0815.59Homeports20081145.621.8015.13TheAthensVillage2009126.310.1012.94MonadnockatHome2010843.714.8315.93FolksatHome2010341.77.4923.49NausetNeighbors2011155.330.8320.63AshlandatHome2012142.917.6017.06AtHomeDowneast2012947.622.2814.79ＲhinebeckatHome2013150.426.2124.57VillageintheVillage2014151.219.417.17“”46.216.3516.3837.613.0013.642.2家庭户特征2010“”32“”6532.8%24.92%“”6567.06%。“”、。2“”n=13“”65“”654707932.82909112224.92537532.94317172428.851435121001167162921001094467.06782396571.152.232.581631910012476206100U．S．CensusBureau2010CensusofPopulation2.3“村庄”模式固化前邻里互助养老组织的特征“”2007“”“”ShareCareLeelanau、ECHHOPlumasＲuralServices、“”CommunityConnections。BHV·331···。“”、、。“”。2007“”VtV。3“”3.1样本“村庄”的组织运作3.1.13.1.1.1“”。、、CommunityConnectionsAreaAgencyonAging。“、”“”、、。3“”n=12“”/6/75～500335/1/95～1300585//1/100～30001550/2“”%1758.31216.73/325.0“”63/、/、、、/、//“”。“”“”/。///335/585/1550。“”3“”。201594%、、。3.1.1.2“”54.69%31.77%1∶1.6475%“”10.6～1.8“”MonadnockatHome1∶3.4“”361224“”。“”78.680“”。、“”。、、“”。“”MonadnockatHome“”/2∶1。2∶1“”。“”、。4“”·431··201562015232015110。“”618“”。“”“”。4“”n=12“”20152%20152%＊＊ShareCareLeelanau40040002311047.8885761∶3.6CommunityConnections*23030713.212303070.8357571∶1.0VineyardVillageAtHome103416.53105955.85851∶0.6Homeports761044.5835577.2283731∶1.8TheAthensVillage*469613.05469620.19851∶1.0MonadnockatHome7312110.63203612.4779.7691∶3.4FolksatHome275515.2960766.0875701∶0.7NausetNeighbors4024557.327531543.1683681∶0.8AshlandatHome176253.93126878.2878651∶0.9AtHomeDowneast205338.38852976.4282701∶1.8ＲhinebeckatHome578333.3357757.175751∶1.1VillageintheVillage126040082025.7475681∶3.08413554.695510431.7778.669.11∶1.6＊＊＊n=10。3.1.1.3“”BoardofDirectors/Committees“”“”/、。、。“”、4“”1～3“”2～6。“”HomeportsMonadnockatHome、、“”。3.1.1.4VtV2010BHVCIP“VtV”2014CIP“”、“”Metlife“”BardstownAtHome、CommunityConnections5000。3.1.23.1.2.1“”“”“”“”。/、。/。·531···、、。“”“”“”。3.1.2.2、、、30～50“”。、、。、。、、。。、、/、、、、“”。、“”。“”10～300。3.2“村庄”的挑战“”。“”“”、、。201525“”“”“”ShareCareLeel-anau。、“”。3.3“村庄”的核心特征“”。“”“”、“”。“”、。“”“”6“”、。“”、、“”7“”8“”、。“”“”“”“”“”“”“”“”“”。3.4“村庄”运动与国家层面的“在地养老”运动“”“”“”Age－friendlyCommunityInitiativesAFCIs/“”。AFCIs、、。·631··20156、、LifelongCommuni-tiesInitiative、LivableCommunitiesInitiative。“”、“”OccurringＲetirementCommunitySupportiveServicePrograms。··CommunityPartnershipsforOlderAdults9。“”“”“”10。。4“”、、。“”“”2001200765、、“、”。“”。“”“”。、、、“”“”。“”“”、“”/11。“”。“”“”。、、12。。“”“”。“”。、。、、/、、、“”“”、“”。149·731···“”、、“”。1．“”J．20135．2．“”“”、ABJ．20122．3．“”“”J．·20143．4．“”J．20153．5．J．19993．6．“”———“”“”“”J．20074．7．J．20103．8．、1949—1999M．2006．9．“”———J．20072．10．“”J．20031．檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿137“”。1U．S．CensusBureau．PopulationEstimatesProgramPEPEB/OL．2015－10－1．http//．census．gov/po-pest/．2U．S．CensusBureauProjectionsShowaSlowerGrowingOl-derMoreDiverseNationaHalfCenturyfromNowEB/OL．2012－12－12．https//．census．gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12－243．html3FeldmanP．H．OberlinkM．Ｒ．SimantovE．＆GursenM．D．AtaleoftwoolderAmericasCommunityopportunitiesandchallengesM．NewYorkCenterforHomeCarePoli-cyandＲesearch2004．4VillagetoVillageNetwork－MembershipDirectory．n．d．．EB/OL．2014－12－23．http//．vtvnetwork．org/content．aspxpage_id=1905＆club_id=691012#search_results．5NadejdaMishkovskyMatthewDalbeyandStephanieBer-tainaPuttingSmartGrowthtoWorkinＲuralCommunitiesM．WashingtonD．C．InternationalCity/CountyMan-agementAssociation2010．6ScharlachA．GrahamC．＆LehningA．The“Village”modelAconsumer－drivenapproachforaginginplaceJ．TheGerontologist20113．7LitwinH．＆Shiovitz－EzraS．Socialnetworktypeandsub-jectivewell－beinginanationalsampleofolderAmericansJ．TheGerontologist20113．8OhmerM．L．TherelationshipbetweencitizenparticipationandorganizationalprocessesandoutcomesandthebenefitsofcitizenparticipationinneighborhoodorganizationsJ．JournalofSocialServicesＲesearch20084．9GreenfieldE．A．OberlinkM．ScharlachA．E．NealM．B．＆StaffordP．B．Age－friendlycommunityinitiativesConceptualissuesandkeyquestionsJ．TheGerontologist20152．10HunterＲ．H．AndersonL．A．BelzaB．BodifordK．HookerS．P．KochtitzkyC．S．…．SatarianoW．Environ-mentsforhealthyagingLinkingpreventionresearchandpublichealthpracticeEB/OL．http//．cdc．gov/pcd/issues/2013/12_0244．htm．11．J．20146．12．J．20144．·941···