Lesson-one

L1^_^BasesoftheLegalSystem1^_^ThelawisthesetofrulesbywhichthecitizensofacountryregulatetheirconductinrelationtotheirfellowcitizensandtotheState.set【C,~ofsth:groupofsimilarthingsthatbelongtogetherinsomeway】conduct(capacity~forcivilconduct民事行为能力fullcapacityforcivilconduct完全民事行为能力civildisability无民事行为能力＝nocapacityforcivilconduct；)fellowcitizens【fellowpartner共同合伙人同胞fellowcountryman;compatriot:ourcompatriotsinTainwan】2IntheUnitedKingdomthereisnowrittensetofrules;whetheranactionisrecognisedasbeinginconformitywiththelawisdeterminedbyaconsiderationoftheauthorities.determinev.确（决、裁、测）定，决心，终止（结）见搭配：to~controversies解决争议（端、吵、论等）/to~particularcasesaccordingtolaw依法断案/to~thenatureofanoffence确定犯罪性质/to~thetenancy结束租赁[纸也有]consideration（goodconsideration友善对价（指以家庭关系、爱情、情感为基础的对价，其不能构成可强制执行之合同，也称为meritoriousconsideration,moralconsideration），合法对价，有价对价（指对一方当事人带来经济利益或对另一方当事人造成经济损失之对价，其正好与前面的“友善对价”意思相对）theauthorities【C，oftenpl.=personorgrouphavingthepowertogiveordersortakeaction】法律依据（可指宪法、法规、先例、规则、条例、法学著述、法官意见等）这里是下文these的喻，具体就是++Statutes@@++Statementsbylegalexpert++Reportsofdecidedcases+Ifnoneofthesefitsthecircumstances,thejudgemakeshisdecision^_^byanalogy[analogous,adj.~to/withsth;n.analogue:USanalog;analogy:~betweenAandB;~withsth类推]withthepastdecisionsmadeinsomewhatsimilarcircumstances.3++Statutes(e.g.Royalproclamations王室公告，起先是立法手段，然而17Cen始没有了立法效力。Usu召集、解散议会，宣布和平、战争，建立新殖民地，宣布戒严法，指定感恩节的日期orActsofParliamentact主要是指由立法机关所制定的法律（theformalproductofalegislativebody常用作单一的法律的名称，翻译时可译为ＸＸ法，如CriminalLawAct（《刑法法》）、Anti-competitiveAct（《反不当竞争法》）等。相比之下，law可用作指单部法律或法规，如：alaw或laws，又可用作表示一般和抽象的含义（thelaw），但它一般不用作某个特定的法律命令的名称，如UniformLawontheInternationalSaleofGoods则不应译为《统一国际商品销售法》，而只能译为《国际商品销售统一法规编纂》，这样可避免人们将其误认为是一部具体的法规（事实上，它是欧共体的一部示范性法典）。）4++Statementsbylegalexperts（见注释P13，1。2。）++Reportsofdecidedcases+Ifnoneofthesefitsthecircumstances,thejudgemakeshisdecision^_^byanalogywiththepastdecisionsmadeinsomewhatsimilarcircumstances.【analogy[analogous,adj.~to/withsth;n.alalogur:USalalog;analogy:~betweenAandB;~withsth类推]】5Thebasesofthelegalsystem,inhistoricalorderCommonlaw;Caselaw;andStatutelaw[──Com.：caselaw和commonlaw均可译为“判例法”，caselaw包括法官解释制定法时所创制的新规则（newrules）和司法判决（judicialdecisions）两部分内容，也称为decisionallaw,adjudicativelaw,jurisprudence或organiclaw；commonlaw在与制定法（statute）相对时可译为“判例法”，但其只包括司法判决（courtdecision）部分而不包括规则部分，故可以说caselaw的含义比commonlaw的含义更广，它是在commonlaw基础上发展起来的。此外，在法律英语中，commonlaw（“普通法”，其最早是与“专门法”speciallaw相对）还有其他一些译法，在与statutorylaw（成文法、制定法）相对时，commonlaw应译为“不成文法”；与civillaw（大陆法）相对，commonlaw为“英美法”；与equitablelaw（衡平法）相对，其为“普通法”]6CommonlawCommonlaw:whentheEnglishlegalsystemfirstbegantotakeshape,judgeswereappointedtoadministerthe“lawandcustomoftherealm.Theybuiltuptheirwonsetofrulesandprinciplesbasedongeneralcustom;(起初区别于canon/ecclesiasticallaworlocalcustom)(essence:grewthroughjudicialdecisionsrecordedbylawyersandisnotbasedonexpressenactment注意：TheScottishcommonlawisdifferentfromthatofEnglandandWalesbecauseancientdifferenceswereperpetuatedbythe1707ActofUnion见下Background幻灯片recorded（v.登记，记录，记载，叙述to~adeed登记地契/~amortgage登记按揭/~atelephoneconversation记录电话谈话）express（n.法令（律、规）制定程序，制定法P.~oflaw制定法，法的制定）enactment明文法)(6)1707ActofUnion1707ActofUnion:TheActsofUnionwasapairofParliamentaryactspassedin1706and1707thattookeffecton1May1707bytheParliamentofEnglandandtheParliamentofScotland,respectively.TheseActsweretheimplementationoftheTreatyofUnionnegotiatedbetweenthetwocountries.TheKingdomofGreatBritainwascreatedbymergingtheKingdomofEnglandandtheKingdomofScotland.SincetheUnionoftheCrownsin1603,thetwocountriessharedamonarchbutretainedseparateandsovereignparliaments.TheActsofUniondissolvedboththeparliamentsofEnglandandScotlandandreplacedthemwithanewParliament,calledtheParliamentofGreatBritain.ThisnewparliamentisbasedinWestminster,theformerhomeoftheEnglishParliament.TheseActsarereferredtoastheUnionoftheParliaments.7.CaselawCaselaw(＝adevelopmentofthecommonlawbroughtaboutthroughtheprocessoftime.---reports:thefactsfoundbythecourt;theargumentsputforward;thereasonsgivenbythejudgeforcomingtohisdecision----theprinciplesonwhichthesejudgmentsarebasedarebindingonalllessercourts.)HouseofLords/H.L.HouseofLords/H.L.英国：上议院；上院；贵族院。中世纪早期产生，由LORDSSPIRITUAL神职贵族和LORDSTEMPORAL世俗贵族组成。1876年英国又产生了JUDICIALLIFEPEERS司法终身贵族，即LORDSOFAPPEALINORDINARY常任上诉法官；1985年由26名ARCHBISHOP大主教和BISHOP主教、726名世袭贵族PEERSBYSUCCESSION、30名HEREDITARYPEERSOFFIRSTCREATION、345名LIFEPEERS终身贵族以及20名常任上诉法官【对应：HOUSEOFCOMMONS下议院；下院；平民院】×××美国：HOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES众议院;SENATE参议院TheupperchamberofBritishParliament,ofwhichthe11-memberjudicialcommitteeprovidesjudgeswhoserveasthefinalcourtofappealinmostcivilcases.Inpractice,theLordssitascommittees,usu.Offivebutoccasionallyofseven.ApexofjudicialsystemCountycourt（*英）郡法院（英格兰和威尔士一种审理民事案件之地方法院，标的可达5，000英镑）（*美）县法院（其刑事和民事管辖权以及行政权力依各州的宪法和法规而异）StatutelawTheearliestenactedlawwasmadebythesovereignwiththeconcurrenceofhisCouncil.ThenwiththeestablishmentoftheauthorityofParliament,newlawsweremadeorexistinglawschangedbyastatute,orActofParliament.TheReformActof1832(P6,18)Statutelawinclude