《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案.8-12selectA

UnitEight:TheInternetUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.research2.ICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers3.router;gateway4.temporary/dial-up;permanent/dedicated5.ISP或Internetserviceprovider6.network;host7.decimal8.mnemonicII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.cellphone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2.IPaddress网际协议地址，IP地址3.autonomoussystem自主系统4.dial-upconnection拨号连接5.networkidentifier网络标识符6.binarynotation二进制记数法7.mnemonicname助记名，缩写名8.Internet-widedirectorysystem因特网范围的目录系统9.nameserver名称服务器10.Internetinfrastructure因特网基础结构11.助记地址mnemonicaddress12.网吧cybercafe13.宽带因特网访问broadbandInternetaccess14.顶级域名top-leveldomain(TLD)15.因特网编址Internetaddressing16.点分十进制记数法dotteddecimalnotation17.因特网服务提供商Internetserviceprovider(ISP)18.专用因特网连接dedicatedInternetconnection19.主机地址hostaddress20.硬件与软件支持hardwareandsoftwaresupportIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Earlycomputernetworksusedleasedtelephonecompanylinesfortheirconnections.Telephonecompanysystemsofthattimeestablishedasingleconnectionbetweensenderandreceiverforeachtelephonecall,andthatconnectioncarriedalldataalongasinglepath.Whenacompanywantedtoconnectcomputersitownedattwodifferentlocations,thecompanyplacedatelephonecalltoestablishtheconnection,andthenconnectedonecomputertoeachendofthatsingleconnection.TheU.S.DefenseDepartmentwasconcernedabouttheinherentriskofthissingle-channelmethodforconnectingcomputers,anditsresearchersdevelopedadifferentmethodofsendinginformationthroughmultiplechannels.Inthismethod,filesandmessagesarebrokenintopacketsthatarelabeledelectronicallywithcodesfortheirorigins,sequences,anddestinations.In1969,DefenseDepartmentresearchersintheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)usedthisnetworkmodeltoconnectfourcomputersintoanetworkcalledtheARPANET.TheARPANETwastheearliestofthenetworksthateventuallycombinedtobecomewhatwenowcalltheInternet.Throughoutthe1970sand1980s,manyresearchersintheacademiccommunityconnectedtotheARPANETandcontributedtothetechnologicaldevelopmentsthatincreaseditsspeedandefficiency.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:因特网只是提供了将许许多多的计算机连接在一起的物理与逻辑基础结构。不少人认为，是万维网（）为这个全球网络提供了“制胜法宝”。万维网被视为因特网的内容，它通过使用管理与链接文本、图形、声音和视频的一套丰富工具来提供各种信息。在万维网上提供和查看信息，是使用服务器应用程序和客户应用程序完成的。如果你已经探索过万维网，你就会看出客户端应用程序就是万维网浏览器。万维网浏览器接收、解释和显示来自万维网的网页信息。用户可以在网页之内浏览，可以通过点击超文本链接跳到其他网页，也可以指向万维网上的几乎任何网页。UnitNine:MobileandCloudComputingUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.cluster;utility2.Internet3.intranet4.hybrid5.private;public6.multi-core;disk7.desktops8.physicalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.serverfarm大型机服务器2.accessprotocol存取协议，访问协议3.storageareanetwork存储区域网（络）4.high-throughputcomputing高吞吐（量）计算5.servercluster服务器集群6.publiccloud公共云7.gridcomputing网格计算8.security-awarecloudarchitecture具有安全意识的云体系结构9.socialnetworking社交网络10.utilitycomputing效用计算11.云计算提供商cloudcomputingprovider12.存储芯片memorychip13.基于内部网的私有云intranet-basedprivatecloud14.网络带宽networkbandwidth15.混合云hybridcloud16.磁盘阵列diskarray17.软件即服务SoftwareasaService(SaaS)18.集群计算clustercomputing19.虚拟化计算机资源virtualizedcomputerresources20.多核处理器multi-coreprocessorIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Thearchitectureofacloudisdevelopedatthreelayers:infrastructure,platform,andapplication.TheinfrastructurelayerisdeployedfirsttosupportIaaS(InfrastructureasaService)services.ThislayerservesasthefoundationforbuildingtheplatformlayerofthecloudforsupportingPaaS(PlatformasaService)services.Inturn,theplatformlayerisafoundationforimplementingtheapplicationlayerforSaaSapplications.Theinfrastructurelayerisbuiltwithvirtualizedcompute,storage,andnetworkresources.Theabstractionofthesehardwareresourcesismeanttoprovidetheflexibilitydemandedbyusers.Internally,virtualizationrealizesautomatedprovisioningofresourcesandoptimizestheinfrastructuremanagementprocess.Theplatformlayerisforgeneral-purposeandrepeatedusageofthecollectionofsoftwareresources.Thislayerprovidesuserswithanenvironmenttodeveloptheirapplications,totestoperationflows,andtomonitorexecutionresultsandperformance.Inaway,thevirtualizedcloudplatformservesasa“systemmiddleware(中间件)”betweentheinfrastructureandapplicationlayersofthecloud.TheapplicationlayerisformedwithacollectionofallneededsoftwaremodulesforSaaSapplications.Serviceapplicationsinthislayerincludedailyofficemanagementwork.Theapplicationlayerisalsoheavilyusedbyenterprisesinbusinessmarketingandsales,consumerrelationshipmanagement,financialtransactions,andsupplychainmanagement.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:云计算动态供应硬件、软件和数据集，以此方式按需应用一个拥有弹性资源的虚拟化平台。其目的是通过在数据中心使用服务器集群和巨型数据库而将桌面计算转移到一个面向服务的平台。云计算充分利用其低成本与简单的特性既惠及用户也惠及提供商。机器虚拟化使这样的成本效益成为可能。云计算意在同时满足许多用户应用程序的需要。云生态系统必须设计得具有安全性、可信性和可靠性。有些计算机用户将云视为一个集中式资源池，而另外一些计算机用户则认为云是一个在所用的各个服务器上实行分布式计算的服务器集群。传统上，一个分布式计算系统往往由一个自主管理域（如一个研究实验室或公司）为内部计算需要而拥有和使用。然而，这些传统系统遭遇数个性能瓶颈：系统维护需要不断进行；利用率差；与硬件／软件升级有关的费用日益增长。作为一种按需计算范式，云计算可解决这些问题或可使我们摆脱