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英语写作课件提要:本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异,明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰,从提高单句的写作能力着手,消灭各种类型的基本错误,从而提高整体的写作能力。1.标点错误2.用词混淆3.搭配问题4.漏词5.累赘6.不一致7.不平衡8.错位9.垂悬10.应用定语从句时易犯的错误●虽然通过中学或大学的英语训练,但是许多人写出的文章错误百出,其中包括基本的拼写、用词、时态、句子结构等方面的错误。这些错误的产生主要是因为受到母语的干扰。许多学生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差别,所以写出来的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是帮助学生了解英汉的差异,明白自己在写英文时受到汉语哪些干扰,从而消灭各种类型的基本错误。●实践表明,多数学生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法,而是最基本的单句写作能力。文章无论长短,都是由句子组成的,句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此,句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚,将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。要提高写作的能力,必须从提高单句的写作能力着手。6.1标点错误●英语属印欧语系,汉语属汉藏语系●英语结构紧凑,汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子,即英语句子是由必不可少的各种连接词衔接而成,宛如节节相连的竹子;而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”,所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。●英语是形合的,而汉语是意合的,这是中文和英文的最大区别。英语句子中如果少了连接词,如or,but,if,so,because,when,although,inorderthat,sothat等等,所要表达的意思就会支离破碎,而汉语有时即便没有连接词,只从句子本身的意思也可以把概念或关系表达清楚。例如,中文可以说“一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行”。而英文要说“AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina.”又比如:“他笑了,我哭了”。英文不能说“Helaughed,Icried.”而要说“Helaughed,butIcried.”这个例子是典型的标点错误,英语语法家称之为commasplices(接合),翻译成中文就是“串句”。下面我们通过一些练习来提高英文标点符号的使用能力。(1)采用多种方法,例如增加and或but,使用主从句、分词短语、不定式等改正下面的串句。a.考试推迟了,上课取消了。误:Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.正:Theexamwaspostponed,andtheclasswascancelled.Astheexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.b.雨下了整整一夜,天花板开始漏水。误:Itrainedallnight,theceilingbegantoleak.正:Itrainedallnight,andtheceilingbegantoleak.Theceilingbegantoleakbecauseithadrainedallnight.Thenight-longraincausedtheceilingtoleak.c.他举起一块石头,石头砸在他的脚上。误:Heliftedarock,itfellonhisfeet.正:Heliftedarock,butitfellonhisfeet.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisfeet.d.售票处排起了长队,所有票子都已售完。误:Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,alltheticketshadbeensoldout.正:Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,butalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,thoughalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,despitethefactthatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.(2)同样一句话,用了逗号,或者多用了一个逗号,或者逗号的位置不同,意思会完全改变。a.作者原来的意思是:Thereweretenchairsintheroom.Threeofthemwerebroken.Theotherswerefine.下面哪一句最符合原意:(i)Thechairs,whichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.(ii)Thechairswhichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iii)Thechairs,whichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iv)Thechairswhichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.正确选择应为(ii)。如果选(i),则意味着所有椅子都坏了。(iii)和(iv)在语法上都不成立。b.请指出下面两个句子的意思有什么不同。(i)Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPeter’srecords,lectures,andspeeches,weresaved.尽管他们的房子被烧毁时,所有的家具都毁坏了,但是彼得大部分的唱片、讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。(ii)Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPeter’srecords,lecturesandspeeches,weresaved.尽管他们的房子被烧毁时,所有的家具都毁坏了,但是彼得大部分的资料,即讲稿和演说稿被保存下来。(3)去掉多余的逗号。a.误:Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuse,andorganizedrobbery.正:Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuseandorganizedrobbery.b.误:Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcar,andtosellhisoldone.正:Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcarandtosellhisoldone.c.误:Hisstudents,listenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.正:Hisstudentslistenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.d.误:Aletter,thatiswritteninpencil,isdifficulttoread.正:Aletterthatiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.e.误:Indeed,overpopulation(人口过剩),aproblem,mostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecological(生态学)difficulties.正:Indeed,overpopulation,aproblemmostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecologicaldifficulties.f.误:Americans,whogotoothercountries,expectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebaths,foundinhotelsintheUnitedStates,areoftenverypoorambassadors.正:Americanswhogotoothercountriesexpectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebathsfoundinhotelsintheUnitedStatesareoftenverypoorambassadors.(4)增添必要的逗号,使句子变得完整。a.误:Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbreadsomelocalbuttersomecheesealargeonionandapintofbeer.正:Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbread,somelocalbutter,somecheese,alargeonion,andapintofbeer.b.误:Heshouldorrathermustattendbettertohisstudies.正:Heshould,orrathermust,attendbettertohisstudies.c.误:Theladywasdressedingraythecolorofapigeon’sfeathers.正:Theladywasdressedingray,thecolorofapigeon’sfeathers.d.误:“Idonotknowwhenhewillcomehowhewillcomewithwhomhewillcomeorwhetherhewillcomeatall.”正:“Idonotknowwhenhewillcome,howhewillcome,withwhomhewillcome,orwhetherhewillcomeatall.”e.误:Wedonothavetellyouthetrueaverygoodopinionofhim.正:Wedonothave,tellyouthetrue,averygoodopinionofhim.(5)分号常用在两个或两个以上关系比较密切的分句之间。我们常常可以通过使用分号来代替串句中的逗号,就可以改正串句的错误。a.误:Onemomenthewasfriendlythenexthewasindifferent(漠不关心).正:Onemomenthewasfriendly;thenexthewasindifferent.b.误:Heknewwhathewantedhoweverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.正:Heknewwhathewanted;howeverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.c.误:Youmustworkhardotherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.正:Youmustworkhard;otherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.d.误:Thereseemednochanceofcomingtoanagreementthereforeitwasdecidedtobreakoffnegotiations.正:Thereseemednochanceofcomingtoanagreement;thereforeitwasdecidedtobreakoffnegotiations.(6)引号主要用于直接引语,但也可用于书名或用于要引起人们注意的单词或短语上。引号还分双引号和单引号,美国英文一般用双引号。请给序列句子添上引号,同时注意标上其他必要的符号,如逗号、句号、冒号、问号、惊叹号等。a.误:HowdoyouspellthewordRenaissance(复兴)正:Howdoyouspelltheword“Renaissance”?
本文标题:英语写作课件
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