您好,欢迎访问三七文档
1Chapter1Introductiontoinstructionaldesign2DickandCareyModel3ContentTheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstructionComponentsoftheSystemsApproachModelAssessNeedstoIdentifyGoal(s)ConductInstructionalAnalysisAnalyzeLearnersandContextsWritePerformanceObjectivesDevelopAssessmentInstrumentsDevelopInstructionalStrategyDevelopandSelectInstructionalMaterialsDesignandConducttheFormativeEvaluationofInstructionReviseInstructionDesignandConductSummativeEvaluationUsingtheSystemsApproachModelWhatAretheBasicComponentsofSystematicallyDesignedInstruction?ForWhichInstructionalDeliverySystemIstheSystemsApproachAppropriate?DoestheUseoftheSystemsApproachImplythatAllInstructionWillBeIndividualizedWhyUsetheSystemsApproach?WhoShouldUsetheSystemsApproach?ReferencesandRecommendedReadings·迪克与凯里教学设计的系统化模型·系统化教学模型的构成AssessNeedstoIdentifyGoal(s)ConductInstructionalAnalysisAnalyzeLearnersandContexts…………·运用系统化方法模型系统化设计教学有哪些基本成分?系统化方法最适合那种教学传递系统?运用系统化方法是否意味着所有教学都是个体化教学为什么要采用系统化方法?谁会使用系统化方法?·参考文献与推荐读物4TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstructionTraditionalInstructionInstructorsLearnersTextbooksWhereteachingisgettingcontentfromthetextintotheheadsoflearners(灌输式教学)5TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstructionContemporaryviewofinstruction(现代教学观)Instruction:AsaSystematicProcess(系统化过程)Amorecontemporaryviewofinstructionisthatitisasystematicprocessinwhicheverycomponent(i.e.,teacher,learners,materials,andlearningenvironment)iscrucialtosuccessfullearning.(较现代的教学观认为教学是一个系统化过程,其中每个成分【如教师、学生、教材和学习环境】对于成功的学习都很关键)6TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstruction什么是系统?Asystemistechnicallyasetofinterrelatedparts,allofwhichworktogethertowardadefinedgoal.Thepartsofthesystemdependoneachotherforinputandoutput,andtheentiresystemusesfeedbacktodetermineifitsdesiredgoalhasbeenreached.教学系统theinstructionalprocessitselfcanbeviewedasasystem.Thepurposeofthesystemistobringaboutlearning.Thecomponentsofthesystemarethelearners,theinstructor,theinstructionalmaterials,andthelearningenvironment.Thesecomponentsinteractinordertoachievethegoal.Allthecomponentsintheinstructionalprocessisimportant,sotheymustallinteracteffectively.·系统从技术上来说是一组相关部分的集合,所有的部分一起工作以完成预定的目标。系统各部分通过输入和输出建立联系,整个系统使用反馈来确定是否达到目标,如果没有,就要修改系统直至达到目标。·系统的三个要素:组成成分、目的、反馈·例子:家里的冷暖空调系统,不同的组件一起工作,或制冷或加热,自动调温器就是反馈机制,温度计持续地检查温度,通知系统现在是制冷还是加热,当达到既定的温度,系统就会自动关闭。·教学过程本身也可以视为一个系统,这个系统那个的目的就是要导致学习。这个系统的组成由学生、教员、教学材料和学习环境,这些成分之间相互作用实现目标。·例如:老师在课堂上将书本上的例题,指导学生,为了判断学习是否发生,即要进行考试,考试是教学系统的自动调温器,如果学习者的表现不能令人满意,就必须修改系统使之更加有效,以便产出期望的教学结果。7TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstructionDickCareyModel是一个过程模型Thepurposeofthisbookistodescribeasystemsapproachmodelforthedesign,development,implementation,andevaluationofinstruction.Thisisnotaphysicalsystemsuchasafurnaceorairconditionerorheatpump(whichwilldoboth)butaproceduralsystem.Wewilldescribeaseriesofsteps,allofwhichwillreceiveinputfromtheprecedingstepsandwillprovideoutputforthenextsteps.Allofthecomponentsworktogetherinorderfortheusertoproduceeffectiveinstruction.Themodelincludesanevaluationcomponentthatwillhelpdeterminewhat,ifanything,wentwrongandhowitcanbeimproved.本书介绍的是一种用于教学的设计、开发、实施和评价的系统化方法模型。它不像空调,不是物理设备,而是过程系统。笔者要描述的是一系列步骤,每个步骤都会从前一步接受输入,并对下一步骤产生输出,所有组件一起工作,以帮助用户产生有效地教学。这个模型还包括一个评价成分,用以判断什么地方出了错,如何改进。8TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstruction本书深受加涅影响OuroriginalapproachtothiscomponentofthemodelwasheavilyinfluencedbytheworkofRobertGagnéasfoundinhisbookTheConditionsofLearning,firstpublishedin1965.Gagné'searlyworkinthe1940sand1950swasbasedonassumptionsfrombehavioralpsychology,whereinstructionisthereinforcementofappropriatelearnerresponsestostimulussituationssetupbytheteacher.Ifstudentshavelearned,thenitismorelikelythattheywillexhibitadesiredbehaviorinagivensituation.本书内容深受罗伯特·加涅的影响,这些内容见诸于在1965年最早出版的《学习的条件》一书。加涅在20世纪40年代和50年代早期的工作基于行为主义心理学理论,认为教学是对学生在老师设置的刺激环境中适当反应的强化。如果学生学会了,那么他们在某个给定的环境下就能表现出期望的行为。9TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstructionGagné'sfirsteditionofTheConditionsofLearning,however,incorporatedcognitiveinformation-processingviewsoflearning.Inthisviewmostbehaviorisassumedtobeverycomplexandcontrolledprimarilybyaperson'sinternalmentalprocessesratherthanexternalstimuliandreinforcements.Instructionisseenasorganizingandprovidingsetsofinformationandactivitiesthatguide,support,andaugmentstudents'internalmentalprocesses.Learninghasoccurredwhenstudentshaveincorporatednewinformationintotheirmemoriesthatenablesthemtomasternewknowledgeandskills.GagnéfurtherdevelopscognitiveviewsoflearningandinstructioninlatereditionsofTheConditionsofLearning(1970,1977,1984).10加涅的《学习的条件》第一版还融合了认知主义的信息处理学习观,这个观点认为大多数行为时很负责的,主要受人的内在心理过程控制,而不是外部的刺激和强化。教学可以被视为是有组织的,所提供的信息和活动能够指导、支持和促进学生内在心理过程。学习在学生将新的信息融入记忆时发生,这使得他们能够掌握新的知识和技能。加涅在《学习的条件》后续版本(1970年,1977年,1984年)中进一步发展了教与学的认知观点。11TheDickandtheCareySystemsApproachModelforDesigningInstruction建构主义的观点Constructivismisarelativelyrecentbranchofcognitivepsychologythathashadamajorimpactonthethinkingofmanyinstructionaldesigners.Constructivistthinkingvaries
本文标题:Chapter-1-Introduction-to-instructional-design
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-4889525 .html