(D)Ernest+Hemingway

ErnestMillerHeminway(1899-1961)1954NobelLaureateinLiterature…andasidehelpingofModernismbecauseitjustdoesn’tmakemuchsenseotherwiseErnestHemingwayHEMINGWAYBoyhoodHomeHemingwayinCuba美国当代文学中最著名的作家之一两次世界大战之间美国富有传奇色彩和独特个性的杰出作家“迷惘的一代”的代表Hemingway(1899-1961)HemingwayOneofthemostfamousAmericannovelist,short-storywriterandessayistrepresentativeof“TheLostGeneration”a“modernist”awardedthe1954NobelPrizeforLiteratureHemingwayLifeHemingwayFamilyHemingwayfishingInHighSchool,HemingwayplayedfootballandlearnedtowrestleDuringthistimehealsoincurredpermanenteyedamage.ThiscausedhimtoberejectedbytheArmyduringWWIHemingwaywasalsotheeditorofhishighschoolnewspaper,TheTrapezeHemingway,JuniorinHighSchoolHemingwayat17withhisfamilyMilitaryphoto,priortoinjuryDrivinganambulanceHemingwayrecoveringfromhisinjuryHemingwaymovedfromoneexoticlocaletoanotherincluding;Spain,Cuba,Africa,andKeyWest,Florida.Hecultivatedareputationasatough,hard-drinkingman’sman.Hemingway生性好冒险刺激,当过军人、斗牛士、拳击家、猎人、鱼夫等，行迹遍布世界各大洲文章朴实有力，对白简练生动，深受一般年轻作家及读者的喜爱1952年出版中篇小说《老人与海》，大受赞赏，荣获普利策奖，翌年，亦获诺贝尔文学奖AchievementAwardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration,Hemingwayusedaspareandtightjournalistictypeofprose.Heusedtheobjective,detachedpointofviewandhisvocabularyandsentencestructurearedeceptivelysimple.Hehaswrittenaboutfailure,moralbankruptcy,death,deception,andsterilityinthepostWorldWarIsociety.Hiscode-heroesarecharacterswithinnermoraldisciplinewhoareusuallyinvolvedwithritualslikebullfighting,big-gamehunting,andfishing.Spokesmanforthe“LostGeneration”BackgroundofLostGenerationWhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout,manyyoungAmericansvolunteeredtotakepartinthewarwiththewishtoendallwars.Buttheharshrealitymadethemawarethatmodernwarfarewasnotthatgloriousorheroicastheythoughtittobe.Disillusionedbythewaranddisgustedbythefrivolous,greedy,andheedlesswayoflifeinAmerica,theylefttheirhomecountryagain.Asawriter,Hemingwayvividlyrecordedinhisworkthelifeofthosephysicallyandmentallywoundedsoldiers,revealedthefrustration,lonelinessanddisillusionmentofmodernpeoplewhoseidealswereshatteredatatimewhen“Godisdead”.Thehorrorandmenace,theanguishanddereliction,andthefutilityandsterilityexpressedinhisworkshadbeenafflictingallsensitivemembersofthepost-wargeneration.Thus,Hemingwaybecamethespokesmanforthe“LostGeneration”.LostGenerationFirstusedbyGertrudeStein(1874-1946)ItincludedtheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriatesaswellasmenandwomencaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermwiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Itmeansthegenerationhadlostthebeautifulsenseofthecalmidyllicpast.Stein’scommentsuggeststheambiguousandpointlesslivesofexpatriatesastheyaimlesslywonderedabouttheContinent,drinking,makinglove,andtravelingfromplacetoplaceandfrompartytoparty.Theseactivitiesseemtojustifytheirsearchfornewmeaningstoreplacetheoddones.Yetinfact,beingcutofffromtheirpast,disillusionedinreality,andwithoutameaningfulfuturetofallon,theywerelostindisillusionmentandexistentialvoids.Theyindulgedinhedonisminordertomaketheirlifelessunbearable.Stein’scommentsuggeststheambiguousandpointlesslivesofexpatriatesastheyaimlesslywonderedabouttheContinent,drinking,makinglove,andtravelingfromplacetoplaceandfrompartytoparty.Theseactivitiesseemtojustifytheirsearchfornewmeaningstoreplacetheoddones.Yetinfact,beingcutofffromtheirpast,disillusionedinreality,andwithoutameaningfulfuturetofallon,theywerelostindisillusionmentandexistentialvoids.Theyindulgedinhedonisminordertomaketheirlifelessunbearable.CourageisgraceunderpressureThecharactermustactinawaythatisacceptablewhenheisfacedwiththefactofdeath---hemusthavefearofdeath,buthemustnotbeafraidtodie.Manlivesmostintenselywhenheisinthedirectpressureofdeath.“Amanisnotmadefordefeat-Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”Hemingway’sthemes--graceunderpressureWarandinfluenceofwaronpeople,withscenesconnectedwithhunting,bullfightingwhichdemandstamina(毅力)andcourage,andwiththequestion:howtolivewithpainhowhumanbeinglivegracefullyunderpressureHemingway’sHero—CodeHeroanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent,amanofaction,andoneoffewwords.anindividualistkeepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplace.spiritualstrong,ofcertainskills,andencounterdeathmanytimes.Woundedbutstrong;enjoyingthepleasuresoflife;maintaininganidealofhimself;“amanisnotmadefordefeat….Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”Hemingway’sHero—CodeHeroHemingway’sheroesliveadventure-filledlivesthataredrivenbycourageandlimitedbyfear.Theyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexterior“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto.Hisheroesarehemmedinbyforcesbeyondtheircontrol.Ice-bergTheoryice-bergtheorywasthatIfawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader...willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Hemingway’sCodeHeroCode--asetofrulesofconducttowhichtheHemingway’scharacterwouldadhere.Hemingwayisknowntofocushisnovelsaroundcodeheroeswhostrugglewiththemixtureoftheirtragicfaultsandthesurroundingenvironment.Characteri