德国医疗保障制度-现状-问题与改革

::1883,,,,,,:1883615,,,(),,()(1),80,():20073,88%,7034,78%,10%;10%,840,4%();2%,0.2%:2006,2003GDP11.1%,3204(),(1):3.6,10912,4/5:14,1(1970-2003)(%)19701975198019851990199519982000200372.879.178.777.576.478.275.375.574.6:58.366.767.066.365.468.266.467.766.8:14.512.411.711.210.810.08.97.87.827.221.021.322.623.721.825.224.525.4:13.69.610.311.211.110.811.012.212.3:7.55.85.96.57.26.67.78.28.6:5.85.65.14.95.44.46.54.14.5:OECDHealthData,1999,2001;;WHORegionalOf2ficeforEurope,2005,GesundheitssystemeimWandel:Deutschland,p170100%,701:,=raw,property=publication2File.pdf/km1-07.pdf,Stand:16.4.2007.MarionCaspers2Merk,DerAufbaueinessolidarischenKrankenversicherungssystemsunddieFianzierungsozialerSicherungssystemeunterdemographie-Aspekten,No.2,FES,Shanghai,Aug.2007,p125:2000,:2000,1961():(GesetzlicheKrankenversicherung,GKV)(PrivteKrankenversicherung),,(),:,()(Versicherungs2pflichtgrenze)(2007477003975),,80120076,(,20071418%),(714%),(1996),,7250,,,,,,,,;,::(1);(2),,;(3)(Punktesystem),:(),(Bundesasschuss),901:,,,,,,,,,,,(),70,,,(2)2004196031,,GDP19604.8%11%,,,,(3)21960-200419601965197019751980198519901995199820043()145.3235.2423.6901129916902118359338932340GDP(%)4.85.56.38.88.89.38.710.210.310.6(PPP33)----1753756499791279212823393043:OECDHealthData,2006;3200433:,,(),(,01120076215),65197013.2%200017.1%,OECD13.9%,:,,,,,,,196084%90%(),,,31970-2005(%)1960197019801990200020042005200620078.408.2411.412.613.514.214.214.214.8----18.713.814.214.214.214.8:InstitutderdeutschenWirtschaftKÊln:DeutschlandinZahlen2007,KÊln,Deutsc2herInsituts-Verlag,2007,S176.,,,,,1617%,,2005,26.55OECD,,,:200614780,GDP64.1%,39.1%,111:NobertZdrowmyslawundWolfgangDuerig,GesundheitsÊkonomie,OldenburgVerlag,1999,p1101.,,20(1);(2);(3)23;(4),()(,,),1977,,,,,,1980,200:,,;,,,,,()2004,,2005,(4)/()(Gesundheitspr¾mieKopfpauschale)(SolidarischeBrgerversicherung)2112007642005/::;;;()();;5100/,,,();;,:DirkSauerland,KuenftigeAusgabenentwicklunginderGKVundihreFinanz2ierung,Wirtschaftsdienst10,2005,p1673.,,311:,,,,,,,,(840),:,;,,,,,;,(,,,,),,;,,([Beitragbemessungsgrenze]),,,,,,,,,:,(),41120076,,:,,;,,;,;,,;,,,,,,(Kapitaldeckungsverfahren),20051111,/,,,200673,/,(DieEckpunktezurGesund2heitsreform),200722,(GKVWettbewerbsst¾kungsgesetz),216,326,(HorstKoehler),200741:,:2009,,511:,,,,200741;200771,(Standardtarif),2009(Basistarif),:(1):;;/;,(2):,,,;,:(1),,;();;,71,;()(2):2009,;,61120076,47700(Versi2cherungspflichtgrenze)()(Standardtarif),,200771,200911,(Basistarif),,(Kontrahierungszwang),(Risikozuschl¾ge);,,(Alterungsrueckstellungn)2,2009(Gesundheitsfonds)(2),95%,,;,(),,5080(50%);,,,,;,(Konve2rgenzklausel),1;,,,,,711::7,,,,;,();,,,;,,,,,(Zusatzpauschale),,1%;,2%3%4%,,,,1%;,(),,,,,,,81120076,,,(UllaSchmidt):,,,,,,,(),,,,/,,,,120,,;;,,,,,,:,,::2009,,,,,,(:,;:)911:supportfromthecognitiveneuro2scientificexperimentsbuttheempiricalsupportfrominternationalpoliticalworldandfromtheresearchesoncross2culturegroups.Theexplorationofemotionalrationalityandthestrategicfunctionsofemotionhasbeenoneofthefrontierissuesofpoliticalpsychologyininternationalpolitics.Andtheprogressofthestudyonemotionalrationalitywillcontributetoreconstructingsomeimportantconceptsininternationalpolitics,suchasidentity,trust,deter2renceandreputation.94TheChina2EUCooperationMechanism,InterestRequestsandMainContradictionsontheIssueofIntellectualPropertyRightsZHOUNianliTheissueofintellectualpropertyrightshastoucheduponthekeyglobaleconomiccompetitivenessoftheEU.Besidesthedrivingforceofthemagnificentbusinessinterests,intellectualpropertyrighthasbeenusedasanimportanttoolbytheEUtorealizeitscomplexinterestrequestsfromtheChinesegovernment.ItcanbeforecastedthattheintellectualpropertyrightissuewillstillbeoneofthesensitiveproblemsbetweenChinaandEUinthefuture.ThisarticletriestosumuptheChi2na2EUcooperationmechanismonintellectualpropertyrights,andthenwillintro2ducethemaininterestrequestsmadebytheEUontheintellectualpropertyrightissuesincludingbothhorizontalandsectorrequests.Atlast,thisarticlepointsoutthe3maincontradictionsbetweenEUandChinaontheintellectualpropertyrightissues.Thesecontradictionswill,tosomeextent,indicatethedirectionofthenextroundofChina2EUintellectualpropertyrightdialogue.106GermanHealthCareSystem:RecentSituations,ProblemsandReformDINGChunGermanHealthCareSystem,whichismainlyfoundedontheCompulsoryHealthCareSystemimportedbyBismarckdatedto1883,isasuccessfulmodelmostwide2lyimitatedthroughouttheworld.However,alongwiththeslowingdownofGermaneconomicgrowth,thedeteriorationoftheagingofpopulationandtheimpactsofglobalization,thesystematicproblemsoffinancing,socialsolidarityandefficiencyofhealthcareprovisionhavegraduallyemerged.Thereformofthehealthcaresys2temseemsinevitableandbecomesthefocusoftheeconomicandsocialreformsim2plementedbytheMerkelgovernment.Butthereremainbroadcontroversiesastotheconcretestepstotake.Basedontheintroductionofthestatusquoandthe