Unit-5-Stephen-Crane-and-the-open-boat

StephenCranenovelist,poetPioneerinthenaturalistictraditionPrecursorofImagistpoetryWorks1)Maggie:AGirloftheStreets18932)TheRedBadgeofCourage18953)TheBlackRiders1895《黑衣骑士》诗集4)“TheOpenBoat”Stephen'sfather,JonathanCrane,wasaMethodistministerwhodiedin1880,leavingStephen,theyoungestof14children,toberearedbyhisdevout,strong-mindedmother.AfterattendingpreparatoryschoolattheClaverackCollege(1888-90).CranespentlessthantwoyearsatcollegeandthenwenttoNewYorkCitytolive.Cranewrotehisfirstbook,Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893),asympatheticstudyofaninnocentandabusedslumgirl'sdescentintoprostitutionandhereventualsuicide.AtthattimesoshockingthatCranepublisheditunderapseudonymandathisownexpense,Maggielefthimtostruggleasapoorandunknownfreelancejournalist,untilhewasbefriendedbyHamlinGarlandandtheinfluentialcriticWilliamDeanHowells.Suddenlyin1895thepublicationofTheRedBadgeofCourageandofhisfirstbookofpoems,TheBlackRiders,broughthiminternationalfame.WarandotherformsofphysicalandmentalviolencefascinateCrane.AfterhewroteRedBadgeofCourage,whichearnedCraneinternationalacclaimatage24,hewashiredasareporterintheAmericanWestandMexico.In1899CranereturnedtoCuba,tocovertheSpanish-AmericanWar.DuetopoorhealthhewasobligedtoreturntoEngland.CranediedonJune5,1900,attheageof28atBadenweilerinGermanyoftuberculosis.NaturalismAsagenre,naturalismemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapingindividualizedcharacterswhowerepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.Atbottom,lifewasshowntobeironic,eventragic.Time:1890sRepresentatives:StephenCrane,NorrisandTheodoreDreiserStephenCrane’sMaggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893)isthefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmerica.Norris’McTeagueisthe“firstfull-bodiednaturalisticAmericannovel”and“aconsciouslynaturalisticmanifesto.”TheodoreDreiser’sSisterCarrieisthegreatestnaturalisticwork.DifferencebetweenrealismandnaturalismUnlikerealism,whichfocusesonliterarytechnique,naturalismimpliesaphilosophicalposition:fornaturalisticwriters,sincehumanbeingsare,inEmileZola'sphrase,humanbeasts,characterscanbestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings.Bothmodesoftendealwiththelocalandcontemporary.Thenaturalist,however,discoversinthismaterialtheextraordinaryandexcessiveinhumannature.IntroductionOpenBoatisadramaticshortstorybasedonStephenCrane’sownreal-lifeexperience,whenashiphewassailingontoCubasankinhighseasoffthecoastofFlorida.HewasacorrespondentforanAmericannewspaperandhewasonhiswaytowriteaboutproblemsthatleduptoTheSpanish-AmericanWarin1898.PlotStructureThemenjumpofftheboatintothewaterastheboatoverturns.Fourmenareinalifeboatafterashipwreck.Thecorrespondent,cookandcaptainarerescued,butrealizethattheoilerhasdrowned.Asthedeadoileriscarriedontoland,theotherthreemenfinallyunderstandthepoweroftheseaandhowluckytheyaretobealive.Thecaptainseesthelighthouse.Thementrytorowtheboattotheshore.Themenswimtoshore.1.Exposition4menareinalifeboatafterashipwreck.2.IncitingIncidentThecaptainseesthelighthouse.3.RisingActionThementrytorowtheboattotheshore.4.ClimaxThemenjumpofftheboatintothewaterastheboatoverturns.5.FallingActionThemenswimtoshore.6.ResolutionThecorrespondent,cookandcaptainarerescued,butrealizethattheoilerhasdrowned.7.DénouementAsthedeadoileriscarriedontoland,theotherthreemenfinallyunderstandthepoweroftheseaandhowluckytheyaretobealive.CharactersCaptainOilerCorrespondentCookCaptain----leaderofacommunityOiler---idealcitizenofacommunity---thepragmaticCorrespondent---anaverageman---pessimisticcitizen---theonewholearnsCook--aworker---thenaïve,optimisticcitizenConflictsManandnature(naturalforces)ConflictsamonghumanbeingsPointofViewWhatpoint-of-viewthenarratorisadoptinginthisstory?Doesthenarratorfocusonanyonecharactermoreorless?Inwhatwaydosomecharactershavemoresignificancethanothers?Doesthenarratordescribethecharacters'thoughtsandemotions?Howdoeshedoso—withcertaintyorspeculatively?Whyemphasizethecorrespondentoveranyoftheothercharacters?Whatisthesignificanceinthischoice?ThemesNaturalism:StephenCranebelievesthatweliveinauniverseofvastandindifferentnaturalforces,notinaworldofdivineprovidenceoracertainmoralorder.Themes1.Individual(Man)vsNature(Nature’sindifferencetohumanbeing’sfate)2.Perspective:thelimitationsofanyoneperspective,orpointofview.Themes3.StruggleforSurvival4.IndifferentNature/Universe5.Death6.brotherhood7.interpretation8.struggleforcommunication9)community…Acommunitycanbeseenasaunifiedgroupthatshares,tosomedegree,acommoninterest.InTheOpenBoat,therearetwocommunities:theseatravellersandthelanddwellers.Theseatravellerssharethecommoninterestofsurvival.Inorderforthiscommunitytosurvive,eachmembermustbewillingtobringhisindividualcontributionstothecommunity.StyleImpressionism:imagery---descriptionofnature/momentsofaction---Figuresofspeeches(simile,metaphor,symbolism,repetition,hyperbole,personification,irony…Symbolism---Styleindetail1.Detaileddescription2.Vividlanguage:descriptionthenature/lotsofsimiles3.useofrhythm(resemblingtherisingandfallingmovementsofth