英语写作---Coherence

Coherence（连贯性）•连贯性是指句中的成分之间具有含乎逻辑的有机联系，全句所表述的思路清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。•Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.•thetrainofthoughtsflowssmoothlyinalogicalsequenceinasentence,fromsentencetosentence,fromparagraphtoparagraphExample:Johnsawahandbaginafield.Hewalkedacrossthefieldandpickedupthehandbag.Hetookthehandbagtothepolicestationandhandeditinaslostproperty.Whenhehaddonethis,hewenthome.•这个语篇做到了紧凑连贯。这是因为四个句子表达的意义联系紧密：通过重复(handbag)延续主题发展，第四句this的照应对象是一个句组，做到回应总结。•通过代词指示做到语义连贯：第二、三、四句中的he与第一句的John发生了照应关系，第三句的it与第一、二句的handbag是词汇复现关系。•Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsunmistakablyclear.•Itisnotcoherentifithas•confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood.•pronounswithambiguousreference,•faultyparallelconstructions,•danglingormisplacedmodifiers,•Pronounreference•句子中的代词应在数性和人称等方面保持一致，或者和它所对应的名词词组保持一致。1)代词与先行词在数上不一致是一个常见的错误。•Beingastudent,weallwishtolearntowritewell.•Onecanneverwriteeffectively,unlesstheywriteasmuchandasoftenastheycan.Nomatterwhatheislearning,childrenallseemtofollowwhatthealdutsdo.•2).Ambiguousreference歧义指代:asentencecontainsmorethanoneantecedenttowhichapronounmaygrammaticallyrefer.Faulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.•Revised:“I’mwrong,”shesaidtomysister.•Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.•“You’rewrong,”shesaidtomysister.•Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.Faulty:Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.Revised:Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butwasnotbadlyhurt.•Faulty:I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedramawithmyfriend,becauseheisadramatistIlike.•Revised:I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedramawithmyfriend,becausethespeakerisadramatistIlike.•3).Weakreference:theantecedentisimpliedorunspecified指代含糊,orthesamepronounstandsfordifferentimpliedantecedents.Inthiscase,youshouldclearlystatewhatisimplied.He’stheauthorofabest-sellingbookonsailing,althoughhe’sneversetfootonone.•IwishedIhadbroughtmyraincoat,forithadbecomecolderandIneededit.•Whentheweatherbecamecolder,IwishedIhadbroughtmyraincoat,forIneededit.•Whenhewentbythedogpound(栏),theyrushedtothefenceandbarkedathim.•Whenhewentbythedogpound,thedogsrushedtothefenceandbarkedathim.•注意：句中起修饰作用的名词不可以作代词所指代的先行词。•e.g.InJohnWhite’snovelTheWhites,hedescribesthelifeoftheimmigrantfamily.•InhisnovelTheWhites,JohnWhitedescribesthelifeoftheimmigrantfamily.Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.•平行结构：Parallelism一句话里往往出现两个或两个以上意思并列的成分，这些成分应该保持平衡。•Collectingstamps,playingchessandcatchingbutterfliesareWary’shobbies.•她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。•Parallelideashadbetterbeexpressedinparallelconstructions,whichgiveemphasis,clarityandcoherencetoasentence.不平行(non-parallelism)•Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandtoavoidsugarinyourdiet.•Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandavoidingsugarinyourdiet.•Sheispretty,tender,andmanagesthehouseholdthriftily.•Sheispretty,tender,andthrifty.•善于使用平行结构（parallelconstruction）•Both…and,not…but,ratherthan,notonly…butalso…,aswellas,either…or,等结构前后的语法形式必须一致。•Hebelievedneitherinhimselfnordidhebelieveinothers.•Hebelievedneitherinhimselfnorinothers.•平行的含义:•语法结构一致平行•语法结构，意义，语气语法结构平行Parallelinstructure•Wordtoword;phrasetophrase;clausetoclause;sentencetosentence•Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.•Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.•Toswiminapoolisnotasmuchfunasswimminginariver.•Toswiminapoolisnotasmuchfunastoswiminariver.•Thehurricanewasmoreofathreattothetouriststhanthenatives.•Thehurricanewasmoreofathreattothetouriststhantothenatives.•WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazil,butheknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.•WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazil,butwhoknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.•意义，语气一致平行•Parallelbothinsenseandmood,voice,etc.:•TheSpringFestivalbringschildrencare-freehappinessandgrantspeopleleisuredrefreshment.•TheSpringFestivalbringschildrencare-freehappinessandgrantsadults/parentsleisuredrefreshment.•Hewasbeatenandrobbed,andthentheylefthimtodieinthegutter.•Hewasbeatenandrobbed,andlefttodieinthegutter.•IfIwererichandshewassingle,Iwouldmarryher.•IfIwererichandsheweresingle,Iwouldmarryher.•Payyourtaxesandyoushouldbehonest.(theimperativemoodshiftstotheindicative)•Payyourtaxesandbehonest.misplacedmodifiers错位•英文句子的每个成分，如主语，谓语，宾语和状语，应在句中占有正确的位置。如果放错了位置，那么这句话不仅是个病句，而且很可能造成意思上的误解。•Peoplewhowatchtelevisionrarelyreadmuch.•Wesawthemonkeysdrivingdownthehighway.下面每句话能有两个或两个以上的含义，请把说出它的每一种意思。•Thelambwastoohottoeat.•Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkinginthepark.•Themonkeysamusedthepeopleincagesatthezoo.•Asharkmayattackamanthatishungry.Misplacedwords—adverbs•Becarefulwith“almost”“even”“hardly”“merely”“nearly”“only”etc.•Misplaced:Henearlylosttendollarslastnight.•Revised:Helostnearlytendollarslastnight.•OnSunday,Ialmostwalkedtothepark.•OnSunday,Iwalkedalmosttothepark.•Ifamodifierthatcanmodifyboththewordsthatprecedeandfollowit,becareful!•Therainthatthecropshadneededbadlydamagedtheroads.•Clear:Therainthatthecropshadbadlyneededdamagedtheroads.•Clear:Therainthatthecropshadneed