词汇学

英语词汇学第五章课后练习及答案QuestionsandTasks1.Whatisreference?2.Whatisconcept?3.Whatissense?4.Whatismotivation?Doesthistheorycontradictthetheoryof'arbitrariness'and'conventionality'concerningtherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsymbolsandtheirsenses?5.Whatarethefourtypesofmotivation?Explainthemwithexamples.6.MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnB.ABapessing/twitterbirdsgibbercattlecoocricketsgobbledoveschatterfoxesbleatgeesehowlsheeplaughwolvescrymonkeysyelppigsgabblehyenas(鬣狗)gruntturkeyslowswanschirp7.Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning?8.Whatarethecharacteristicsofconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning?9.Whatconnotationsdoyouthinkthewordatomicmighthaveforeachofthefollowingpeople?a.Ascientistworkinginaprojecttodevelopindustrialusesfornuclearpower.b.AJapaneseresidentofHiroshima.c.Astudentofnuclearphysics.10.Allthewordstalkative,articulate(明确表达),gossip,garrulous(喋喋不休),rambling(说话散漫的；不连贯的),fluent,gabby(口健谈的；饶舌的),mouthy(话多的，唠叨的)candescribeaperson'sabilityofspeech.Whatimpressiondoyouobtainofthepersonwiththeuseofeachofthewords?11.PutthefollowinggroupsofwordsunderAppreciative,NeutralandPejorative.Notethatnotwordsofeverygroupfitneatlyunderthethreecategories.a.fastidious(爱挑剔的；难讨好的),fussy(过分苛求的；难以取悦的；爱挑剔的),particularb.critical,fault-finding,picky(过分讲究的；好挑剔的；吹毛求疵的)c.fad(时尚，一时的狂热),vogue(时尚，时髦物；流行，风行),styled.cunning(狡猾的；灵巧的，熟练的),artful(狡猾的，欺诈的；熟练的，有技巧的),sly(狡猾的，诡诈的口灵巧的，巧妙的)e.unstable,fickle(感情异变的，无常的),capricious(任性的，反复无常的；变换莫测的)f.backward,developing,underdevelopedg.encourage,instigate(唆使，怂恿),promoteh.clique(派系，小集团),gang,group12.Whataresemanticfeatures?13.Whatarethemeritsanddemeritsofcomponentialanalysis?14.Trytoanalyzethefollowingwordsintermsofsemanticopposition(±HUMAN),(±MALE),[±ADULT),(±BOVINE)(牛的；牛类动物),[±GALLINE)(禽类).bullcowcalfroosterhenchicken英语词汇学第五章练习答案1.Referenceistheconnectionbetweenthewordformandwhattheformreferstointheworld.(or:Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.)2.Conceptisanotionoridea,formedinthemindasaresultofcognition,whichreflectstheobjectiveworld.3.Thesenseofawordshowsitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherwordsinthelanguage.Itisoftenusedtosubstitutemeaning.4.Motivationexplainstherelationshipbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning,orthelogicalreasonwhyacertainwordhasacertainmeaning.Asmentionedearlier,therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisarbitraryandconventional.Motivationseemstocontradictthetheory.Theanswerisyesandno.Byyes,wemeanallthemono-morphemicwordsinalanguagearenon-motivatedexceptafewonomatopoeicwordswhichimitatethenaturalsoundsornoises.Byno,wemeanmanymulti-morphemicwordsaremotivated,forinmanycausesthemeaningofthewholewordisthecombinationofthemorphemes.Themorphemicstructureexplainsthemeaning.5.Thefourtypesofmotivationareonomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivationandetymologicalmotivation.Onomatopoeicmotivationexplainsonomatopoeicwordswhosemeaningisbasedonthepronunciationofthewordssuchasmiaow,thump,peng,etc.;morphologicalmotivationexplainsthewordswhosemorphologicalstructurethrowslightontheirmeaning,suchasprofiteer(profit+-eer),darkroom(dark+room),(deconstruction(de+construct-+-ion),etc.;semanticmotivationexplainsthefigurativemeaningofwordswhoseliteralmeaningsuggeststhefigurativemeaningsuchasthetongueoffire,themouthoftheriver,thefaceoftheearth;etymologicalmotivationexplainsthewordswhosemeaningiscloselyrelatedtotheiroriginssuchasbanting(therapyforkeepingslimbygoingonadietdiscoveredbyDoctorBanting)andBrille(languageusedbytheblindcreatedbyBrille).6.apes—gibbercattle—lowdoves—coogeese—gabblewolves—howlpigs—gruntturkeys—gobblebirds—sing/twittercrickets-chirpfoxes—yelpsheep—bleatmonkeys—chatterhyenas—laughswans—cry7.Grammaticalmeaningreferstothepartofmeaningwhichshowsgrammaticalrelationshipsuchaspartofspeechofwords,pluralformsofnouns,tenseofverbs,etc.andlexicalmeaningincludesalltherestofthemeaningsofawordapartfromthegrammaticalmeaning,i.e.conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.8.Conceptualmeaningisfundamental,universalandstablewhereasassociativemeaningissecondary,contextual,open-endedorindeterminate,thuschanging.9.a.Ascientistworkinginaprojecttodevelopindustrialusesfornuclearpowermighthaveallthepositiveassociationswithatomic,suchasbenefit,energy'etc.b.AJapaneseresidentofHiroshima,victimoftheatomicexplosionattheendofWorldWarIImighthaveallthenegativeassociationswithatomic,suchassuffering,killing,death,horror,etc.c.Toastudentofnuclearphysics,atomicmightbeassociatedwithmystery,science,knowledge,etc.10.talkative:implyingafondnessfortalkingfrequentlyandatlength(neutral)articulate:expressingoneselfeasilyandclearly(positive)gossip:indulginginidletalkorrumorsaboutothers(negative)garrulous:talkingtoomuchabouttrivialthings(somewhatnegative)rambling:talkingaimlesslywithoutconnectionofideas(negative)fluent:speakingeasily,smoothlyandexpressively(positive)gabby:inclinedtochatter(negative)mouthy:overtlytalkative,especiallyinarudeway(negative)11.NoAppreciativeNeutralPejorativea.particularfastidious/fussyb.criticalfault-finding/pickyc.vogue/stylefadd.art