道家思想英文简介

TaoismOK…SothenwhatisTaoism?Taoismisbothaphilosophyandareligion.Lao-tzuHenanProvince.TaoistApproaches•Philosophical/SchoolTaoism•ReligiousTaoismTheendofHanDynastyfurtherdevelopmentofSchoolTaoism;onthebasisofit.•Thereisdebateoverhow,andwhether,Taoismshouldbecategorized.Traditionally,itisdividedintotwocategories:[citationneeded]•1.PhilosophicalTaoism(Daojia,Chinese:道家;pinyin:dàojiā;lit.schoolorfamilyofDao)–ThephilosophybasedonthetextsoftheTaoTeChing(orDaodejing,Chinese:道德經;pinyin:dàodéjīng)andtheZhuangzi(Chinese:莊子;pinyin:zhuāngzi).ThesetextswerelinkedtogetherunderthetermofDaojiaduringtheearlyHanDynasty,butnotablynotbefore.[5][6]•2.ReligiousTaoism(Daojiao,Chinese:道教;pinyin:dàojiào;lit.teachingsofDao)–AfamilyoforganizedreligiousmovementssharingconceptsderivedfromDaojia*Notsurewhenhedied.[604B.C.E.-?]*Hisnamemeans“OldMaster”*ZhuangZhou*livedaroundthe4thcenturyBCduringtheWarringStatesperiod*MasterZhuang*Texts•TaoTeChing•consideredthemostinfluentialTaoisttext•writtenbyLaozi•道可道非常道•TheTaothatcanbetoldisnottheeternalTao•名可名非常名•Thenamethatcanbenamedisnottheeternalname.[82]Zhuangzi•acollectionofstoriesandimaginaryconversations.•asetofpractices•achieveunitywiththedaoandbecomeatrueperson(zhenren).•TheButterflyDream庄周梦蝶HerearethreeofthemajorTaoistconcepts:TEmeanspower.Thepowerofathingisitsvirtue,itsidentity,itsintegrity.Sotheteofapersonistheirauthenticself,orgenuineness.Teisexpressedthroughhumilityandmeekness(温顺的;顺从的gentleandquiet).WU-WEIisaconceptinvolvingrelaxingtheconsciousmind.Itseeksthedenialofanythingpersonalandthedissolutionoftheconscious,individualself.Wu-weiisbestillustratedbywater;itissuppleyetstrong,itflowsoverandfillswhatitencounters.Itmeanstosimplyfollowthewayofnature.P’Uisatermwhichliterallymeans“unpaintedwood”.P’Ustressestheimportanceofsimplicityandtheneedtoleavethingsintheirnaturalstate.Oh…SothenwhatdoTaoistsbelieve?TheThreeMeaningsofTao•Taoisthewayofultimatereality.•Taoisthewayoftheuniverse:thenorm,therhythm,thedrivingpowerinallnature,theorderingprinciplebehindalllife.•TaoreferstothewayofhumanlifewhenitmesheswiththeTaooftheuniverse.Ultimately,Taoisineffable(cannotbedescribedinwords)•TheultimaterealityinTaoismistheTao,orWay.Broadlydefined,theTaoisthemysteriousnaturalorderoftheuniverse.Butparadoxically,whatthesageshavemostoftensaidabouttheTaoisthatnothingcanbesaidaboutit.AstheTaoTeChingputsit:•Thewaythatcanbespokenof•IsnottheconstantWay;•Thenamethatcanbenamed•IsnottheconstantName.•Thenamelesswasatthebeginningofheavenandearth;•Thenamedwasthemotherofmyriadcreatures.•Hencealwaysridyourselfofdesiresinordertoobserveitssecrets;•Butalwaysallowyourselftohavedesiresinordertoobserveitsmanifestations.•Thesetwoarethesame•Butdivergeinnameastheyissueforth.•Beingthesametheyarecalledmysteries,•Mysteryuponmystery-•Thegatewayofthemanifoldsecrets.•inChinesethinking,togivesomethinganame(ming)istoassignitaplaceintheuniverse.ThiscannotbedonewiththeTao,asitpervadesandencompassesall.•TheTaohasnocharacteristics,yetitisnotnothingness.Infact,itisbetterunderstoodaseverythingness,asitcontainswithinitselfallpotentialcharacteristics.ItencompassesbothBeing(yu)andNon-Being(wu).InitsmodeofbeingUnseen,wewillseeitsmysteries;inthemodeoftheSeen,wewillseeitsboundaries.••TheTaoencompassesalloppositeandcomplementaryforces,whicharecollectivelyreferredtoasyinandyang.AsrepresentedinthefamiliarGreatPolaritysymbol,yinandyangareinterdependentandcontainwithinthemselvestheseedoftheother.Yinisassociatedwithdarkness,femininity,passivityandwater,whileyangislight,masculinity,activityandair.YinandyangarealwaysinperfectbalancewithintheTao.ThegoaloftheTaoist,therefore,istokeeptheseoppositesinbalancewithinhisorherownlife.•TheTaoisfurthercharacterizedbytzu-jan,whichisdifficulttotranslatedirectlybutisusuallyrenderedspontaneityorself-so.Theself-soisunconditionedanduninfluenced;itisnothingotherthanitself.•This,inturn,istheidealofthesage-rulerintheTaoTeChing.Hedoesnotstrive,hedoesnotintervene,butactsinsuchawaythateveryonethroughoutthecountrysays,'Ithappenedofitsownaccord'(tzu-jan).HerearethreeofthemajorTaoistconcepts:TEmeanspower.Thepowerofathingisitsvirtue,itsidentity,itsintegrity.Sotheteofapersonistheirauthenticself,orgenuineness.Teisexpressedthroughhumilityandmeekness(温顺的;顺从的gentleandquiet).WU-WEIisaconceptinvolvingrelaxingtheconsciousmind.Itseeksthedenialofanythingpersonalandthedissolutionoftheconscious,individualself.Wu-weiisbestillustratedbywater;itissuppleyetstrong,itflowsoverandfillswhatitencounters.Itmeanstosimplyfollowthewayofnature.P’Uisatermwhichliterallymeans“unpaintedwood”.P’Ustressestheimportanceofsimplicityandtheneedtoleavethingsintheirnaturalstate.Oh…SothenwhatdoTaoistsbelieve?Te•Virtue•Power•ForTaoists...itisthemeansthroughwhichtheTaobecomesmanifest,actualized,andrealizedWhatIsWuWei?•WhatIsWuWei?•OneofTaoism’smostimportantconceptsiswuwei,whichissometimestranslatedas“non-doing”or“non-action.”Abetterwaytothinkofit,however,isasaparadoxical“Actionofnon-action.”Wuweireferstothecultivationofastateofbeinginwhichouractionsarequiteeffortlesslyinalignm