Lecture-26

Lecture26••介词和介词词组•P.440••新编英语语法教（第四版）•章振邦编•周庆锦讲Humor•Weallseemtobehunguponup.Weputupwithuseup,comeup,butterup,lineupandbellyup.•Housesareopened,lightedup,warmedup,cleanedupandclosedup,slowedup,tiedupandlaidup.•Ifwearemixedup,wemusthurryupandshapeup,orwe’llbefouledup.•Ifyouthinkupotherexamples,don’tcallmeup.Iamupthewallwithup.•Igiveup.许孟雄说：•TheChineselanguageisessentiallyverbalwhiletheEnglishessentiallyprepositional.IfweChineselearnersofEnglishhopetomasterthisforeignlanguage,weshouldcatchtheEnglishbullbyitsprepositionalhorns.…Englishprepositionsattachedtoverbsandphrasalverbs…produceamyriadoftypicallybeautifulandgraphicallyvividrepresentationsofhumanthoughtsandfeelings.Butalas!Ifwefailedtostudytheircombinations,weshouldmisshalfoftheEnglishlanguage.许孟雄说：•It’sagoodbetthatyouwon’tkeeponspeakingorwritingverylong---perhapsnotbeyondasentenceortwo---withoutusingapreposition.WhetheryoutellAboutyourtripToaplaceWithsomefriendsDuringtheholidays,orargueFororAgainstsomequestions,youareboundtouseprepositionstoformyourideasandtorelatethemtooneanother.许孟雄说：•英语是介词的语言，没有介词就没有英语，没有动词就没有汉语。不学会介词就学不通英语。同一句话，中国人用动词表达，而英国人有时用动词，有时用介词。用介词表达动作的概念，而用动词则表达具体的动作。该用介词的地方用动词可能是Chinglish的病源之一。•研究介词，应先抓其原始意义，进而认识其引申含义，还要加以汉译。•介词引申的意义并非固定的，要看它与下文名词的搭配才能确定其含义，而且要译成动词。多数介词需译成汉语动词，才能理解英语句子的含义。杨格说：•写文章也好，翻译也好，究竟好坏在哪里？除了注意英语习惯法外，还要认识语言的词类优势。什么是词类优势？就是说，一种语言倾向于多用什么词类。动词多，这个特点是汉语的词类优势。倾向于多用名词和介词，是英语的词类优势。在写作和互译中都要考虑两语的词类优势，互相转化。地道英语就包含有词类优势的因素。在现代英语中，介词地位非常重要，切不可小看这个小角色。能否掌握使用介词是被认为掌握现代英语的一根标尺。以词类优势作为指导观念，你写作，译文都会一改旧貌。用介词表示动作概念用动词表示具体动作•at指人与物的相对位置，从而理解为某动作在进行。•Hesatathisdeskallday.•Hespentthewholedaypreparinglectures.•Sheisatherbooks.•at本身无固定意义，由books推理，在读书。•SheisreadingShakespeare.•Motherisatthesewingmachine.•Sheismakingablouseforme.英语介词往往译为汉语动词•at表示作用与反作用，表示刺激因素。•Atawordfromher,hejumpedforjoy.听她说了一句话…•Weweredelightedatyoursuccess.•Iwasdelightedatthethoughtofseeingyouagain.一想到…•Iampleasedatthenews.•Hewasinliquor.喝醉了•Heisinmyway.Heisamanforthejob.能作这工作的人•Sheisinredtoday.Sheisinthefamilyway.•Nooneisagainsttheproposal.Mostofthepeopleareforthereform.•I’mgoingtothepostofficeformyletters.•It’stimeforclass.Thisisapresentformymother.•I’mwithyouonthispoint.比较分析•1.Heisathome.在家。与外出对比，指未外出。•2.Heishome.他回来了。•3.Isanybodyhome?很少用at.从不用in,to等。•4.HeisathomeinEnglish.在家转义为“熟悉”。•5.Heisn’tquiteathomeinhisnewcoat.•=withhisnewcoaton.athome原义“在家舒服”。•6.Theoldwomanissittinginthesun,enjoyingthewarmth.•直译：“坐在阳光中”，意译：“晒太阳”。•7.Let’swalkovertothesunontheothersideofthestreet.•sun指阳光，不说sunshine.•8.Mostfarmersgetupwiththesun.用with强调人与太阳同时起来。•9.Thereisnonewthingunderthesun.世上无新奇事物。•直译：“在太阳下”，意译：“任何地方”。比较分析•10.Thelazyboyisstillinbedwhenthesunisthreepoleshigh.•in表“在…情况里”，bed表“睡眠”的抽象意义。•11.Childrenliketoplayonthebed.表床的面积，供玩耍的场所。•12.Workingunderthisman,IfeelasifIwaslyingonabedof•thorns.•a表什么一种床；of原义“由来”，转义“由thorns构成的bed.”比喻语，如•坐针毡。•13.Youmustlieinthebedyouhavemade.•自作自受。the特指“你铺好了的床”，喻义，“自作”。•14.Duringthesummervocationwewenttothesea.(=seaside）•去海边度假。to除表地点方向外兼指相对动作。上例不必说成Wewent•totheseasidetospendtheholiday.同样，Wearegoingtothetheater.•不必加上towatchaplay.除非在特殊情况下需用动词表示具体动作：•15.Hedidnotgotothetheatertowatchaplaybuttomeethis•girlfriend.callat/for/on/to•16.Icalledathisofficeforhim.•我到他办公室去找他出去。•for说明找的目的。callfor,找到他邀他一起出去。callat后只能•接地点。•17.Icalledonhimathisoffice.•我们访问他，在他办公室里和他谈话。•on表精神上的接触，callon由此引申为:访问。•18.Hetookoffhishatandcalledtotheoldman.•冲着…叫。callto,叫人，但隔一段距离，从这边叫那边的人。in/into•18.Heinsertedthepluginthesocket.•他把插头插入插座。•insert的动作很快，感觉不到由此及彼的过程，故只用in,表静•态，不用to.•19.Hescrewedthelightbulbintothe•socket.•用to表由此及彼的过程，in表在里面的动后静止状态。为避免•发音上读成toin,倒置成into.atatime/atonetime•20.Whatactuallyhappenswhenweread?•Somepeoplethinkthatwereadoneword•___,understanditandthengoontoread•thenext.•A.atatimeB.atonetime•C.attimeD.attimes•21.Youcanborrowonlytwobooksatatime.•22.Heranupthestepstwoatatime.atatime/atonetime•23.Don’tallpeoplespeakatonce!___,please.•A.EachatonetimeB.Onebyonetime•C.OneforeachtimeD.Oneatatime•24.AtonetimeIlivedin…•25.Theyalltriedtotalkatonetime.•atatime:一次，一下子。atonetime:一度，过去曾经，•（偶尔也作“一下子，同时，一次”解）attimes=sometimes•26.Idofeelnervousattimes.•27.AttimesTom’smotherletshimholdthe•baby.•atalltimes=always•28.Hedoesgoodworkatalltimes.•atthetime=then•29.Johncalledattheofficethisafternoon,butI•couldnotseehim,asIwasengagedatthetime.atChristmas/Easter•at指时间段，指整个期间。•atbirth:出生时：•30.Atbirthhewasverysmall.•31.Sheweighed8poundsatbirth.•atabirth:一胎（生）：•32.Catssometimeshavefourorfiveyoungata•birth.at/intheeast•都正确。at也表示空间。如：•33.When(youare)atRome,doastheRomans•do.•at/intheplayground•都正确。at强调地点；in强调“在…里边”:•34.Thestudentswereallat/intheplayground.•35.Sheworksatweekends.(BrE.)•36.Sheworksonweekends.(AmE.)atnotime从不，绝不，在任何情况下都不•37.“WhencanIuseyourtaperecorder?”•“Never!___timeshouldyoutouchthatmachine.”(Michigan)•A.AtnoB.AtanyC.AnyD.No•38.Atnotimewaswarasimminentasnow.•（位于句首时主谓倒装。）•战争从未像现在这样逼在眉睫。•innotime:•39.Johnboastedthathecouldfinishthejoballbyhimselfinno•time.•A.veryrapidlyB.intimeC.ontimeD.atanymomentatsea•40.“DidMaryenjoyhertriponoceanliner?”•“No,shestayedinhercabinwhiletheshipwas___.”•A.overtheseaB