AP化学双语版原子的结构

ⅠDalton’sAtomicTheory•1.Allmatteriscomposedoftiny,indivisibleparticles,calledatoms,thatcannotbecreatednordestroyed.•2.Eachelementhasatomsthatareidenticaltoeachotherinalloftheirproperties,andthesepropertiesaredifferentfromthepropertiesofallotheratoms.•3.Chemicalreactionsaresimplerearrangementsofatomsfromonecombinationtoanotherinsmallwholenumberratios.•4.Heproposedthelawofmultipleproportions。ⅡThomson’sAtomicTheory•1.Hedeterminedthatcathoderayswereafundamentalpartofmatterhecalledelectrons.•2.Hedeterminedtheirchargetomassratiobymeasuringthedeflectionofthecathoderaysinthepresenceofelectricandmagneticfields.•3.Heproposedtheplumpuddingmodel.ⅢRutherford’sAtomicTheory•1.Heperformedthegoldfoilexperiment(金箔实验).α-particlescatteringexperiment(α粒子散射实验)•2.Hededucedthenuclearmodeloftheatom,withanextremelysmall,dense,andpositivelychargednucleussurroundedbyemptyspacesparselyoccupiedbyelectrons.ⅣBohr’sAtomicTheory•Heassumedthatelectronsmovearoundthenucleusincircularorbits.•Heusedasolarsystemmodeltoexplainthetheory.•Hismostimportantcontributionwastheconceptthatelectronsexistinonlycertain“allowedorbits”.STRUCTUREoftheATOMⅠPrincipalenergylevels•Ineithercase,theprincipalenergylevels,orprincipalshell,nearestthenucleusisassignedthenumber1,andeachsucceedingenergylevelisnumberedwithconsecutiveintegers.ⅠPrincipalenergylevels•NearestthenucleusisassignedtheletterK,andeachsucceedingenergylevelisnumberedwithlettersinalphabeticalorder.ⅠPrincipalenergylevels•Thenumberoftheprincipalenergylevelisgiventhesymboln,anditisthesameastheprincipalquantumnumberdiscussedlater.ⅠPrincipalenergylevels•Sincetheprincipalenergylevelsbecomelargerthefurthertheyarefromthenucleus,theycanholdcorrespondinglymoreelectrons.ⅠPrincipalenergylevels•Eachcanholdamaximumnumberofelectronsequalto2n2,wherenistheprincipalenergylevelnumber.ⅠPrincipalenergylevels•Thelastthreecouldhold50,72,and98electrons,buttheyarenotcompletelyfilled.–Thelastcannotexceed8.–Thesecondtolastcannotexceed18.–Thethirdtolastcannotexceed32.电子云·能量越高。离核越远；分层运动（排布）；QPONMLK7654321summary•principalenergylevels•能层•theprincipalquantumnumber•主量子数ⅡSublevels(subshells)•Eachprincipalenergylevelwithinanatomcontainsoneormoresublevels.ⅡSublevels(subshells)•Thenumberofsublevelspossibleineachprincipalenergylevelisequaltothevalueofnforthatenergylevel.Forinstance,thethirdprincipalenergylevelmaycontainamaximumofthreelevels.ⅡSublevels(subshells)•Sublevelsarenumberedwithconsecutivewholenumbersstartingwithzero.Thesenumbersaretheazimuthalquantumnumbers,l.Thevalueofecanneverbegreaterthanl-1.ⅡSublevels(subshells)•Inadditiontothenumberingsystem,thesublevelsarealsogivencorrespondinglettersofs,p,d,andf.ⅡSublevels(subshells)•1.Inssubleveltheshapeoftheelectroncloudisspherical.•2.Thepsublevelisadumbbellshape.•3.Thedandfsublevelisverycomplex.ⅡSublevels(subshells)•Eachprincipalenergylevelhasanssublevel,allexceptthefirsthavepsublevels,andthedandfsublevelsalsoarefoundinmorethanoneprincipalenergylevel.ⅡSublevels(subshells)•Todistinguishonesublevelfromanother,chemistsusuallycombinetheprincipalenergylevelnumberwiththesublevelletterinordertoindicateinwhichprincipalenergylevelthesublevelislocated.Withthismethod,thedesignation4pindicatesapsublevelinthefourthprincipalenergylevel.summary•Sublevels(subshells)•能级•theazimuthalquantumnumbers•角量子数ⅢOrbitals•Eachsubleveloftheatommaycontainoneormoreelectronorbitals.SOrbitals•Thereisjustonesorbitalinssublevel.•Inssubleveltheshapeoftheelectroncloudisspherical.SOrbitalss轨道：球形•Therearethreeporbitalsineachpsublevel.•Eachisorientedalongadifferentaxis.•Theseorbitalsmaybedesignatedaspx,py,pz.pOrbitalsp轨道：纺锤形PxPyPz•Thefivedorbitalsinadsublevel.dOrbitalsⅢOrbitals•Thesevenforbitalsareslightlymorecomplexinshapethanthedorbitals.ⅢOrbitals•Thenumberoforbitalthatasublevelmayhavedependsontheazimuthalquantumnumbers,m,ofthesublevelandisequalto2m+1.Fromthisfactweseethatthereisonesorbitalinanssublevel,threeporbitalsinapsublevel,fivedorbitalsinadsublevel,andsevenforbitalsinanfsublevel.ⅢOrbitals•Anorbitisdefinedasaregionofspacethathasahighelectrondensity,andeachorbitmaycontainamaximumoftwoelectrons.ⅢOrbitals•Toshareanorbital,twoelectronsmusthaveoppositespins.Whentwoelectronsshareanorbit,theyaresaidtobepaired.ⅢOrbitals•Eachorbitisgivenanumber,calledthemagneticquantumnumber,ms.Thepossiblevaluesofmsrangefrom–msto+ms,includingzero.summary•Orbitals•轨道•themagneticquantumnumber•磁量子数Ⅳspinstate（自旋状态）•Eachorbitmaycontainamaximumoftwoelectrons。•Toshareanorbital,twoelectronsmusthaveoppositespins.•Whentwoelectronsshareanorbit,theyaresaidtobepaired.summary•n：principalenergylevels能层•l：Sublevels(subshells)能级•m：Orbitals轨道•ms：spinstate自旋状态summary•theprincipalquantumnumber•主量子数•theazimuthalquantumnumber•角量子数•themagneticquantumnumber•磁量子数•thespinquantumnumber•自旋量子数