英语语法汇总

1第一章名词一、名词的分类：名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。专有名词：BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations个体名词：man,expert,factory可数名词集合名词：audience（观众），class,family普通名词：物质名词：water,coal,rice不可数名词抽象名词：surprise,honour,help二、可数名词的复数形式1．一般情况，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技术）—techniques2．以s,x,ch,sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—esbus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushesbranch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s）3．辅音字母+y，变y为i，加-esuniversity—universitiesy前为元音字母，直接加-sboy—boys4．以O结尾加-eshero—heroesO前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-szoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives※以下f结尾单词直接加-sbelief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋顶）proof—proofs（证据）safe—safes（保险柜）chief—chiefs（首领）gulf—gulfs（海湾）6．不规则名词man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：sheep羊fish鱼deer鹿means手段，方法works工厂，作品series系列注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。2如：cattle牛people人民police警察注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。例如：audience（观众）class（班级）family（家庭）group（小组）Herfamilyiswell-knownintheregion.她家在该地区是名门望族。Hisfamilyarequarrellingseverelyabouttheproperty.她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。改错：1.Everypossiblemeanshavebeentriedtocuretheboyofhisillness.ABCD2.Fishalwayssellswellinthemarketsbecausefishcontainsrichprotein,whichcanbuildyouup.ABCD3.Isitthepolicewhoissearchingthehouseforawantedcriminal（罪犯）?ABCD三、不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a/an，词尾也不能加—s。请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。news消息information信息advice忠告，建议progress进步，进展knowledge知识weather天气fun乐趣equipment设备English英语furniture家具wealth财富damage损坏traffic交通，车辆及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服，衣着※word消息，信息work工作homework家庭作业housework家务改错：1．Whatafunitistobebathedinsunlightonthebeachinsummer.ABCD2．Atthethoughtofgainingsuchgreatwealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters,hewasfullofABCDjoy.3．Whatpleasantsurpriseitistobringmesuchanicegift!ABCD4．Ifeelitgreathonourtobeinvitedtogiveadviceonyourteachingpapers.ABCD5．Wordofhissuddendeathcameasshocktous.ABCD说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这3些词有：surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a/an。说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。四、名词的所有格名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：1）表示有生命的名词mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks（儿童读物）students’rooms2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词China’spopulationBeijing’sweather3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词themoon’ssurfacetenyears’hardwork十年的辛劳today’snewspapers20dollars’worthofastamp一张价值20美元的邮票其他无生命的名词通常用“of+名词”的短语表示所属关系。theobjectofthesentence句子的宾语thetitleofthefilm影片的名字五、名词的作用1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。Mr.Liholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentoffice.主语宾语Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.宾语宾补2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。ateacup茶杯acarnumber车牌号ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石桥※※名词作定语必须用单数。man,woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。amanteacher一个男教师tenwomendoctors十个女医生asport（s）shirt运动衫thearmsrace武器竞赛（特例）选：ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn’tit?A．birdhitcostB．birdshitcostsC．birdhitscostD．birdhitcosts本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题41）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析选：Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.（2001年上海高考题）A．sightB．sceneC．viewD．look辩析：sight1.看见2.视力3.视野4.风景scene1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面;情景3.景色4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置view1.眺望2.视野3.风景，景色。look1.看2.神色,表情looks=appearance外貌本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则选：1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.A./;aB.the,/C./,/D.the,the2．Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofdifferentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A．the；aB．不填；aC．the；theD．不填；the名词练习1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experienceC.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took56.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD.sea7.Onlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuables10.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirown11.Whenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess13.---IsMrSmithin?---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks14.-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.----Everyboyandeverygirl