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AP微观经济学知识点梳理I.BasicEconomicConcepts经济学基础概念(8–14%)选择A.Scarcity,choiceandopportunitycost稀缺性(概念),选择(概念),机会成本(计算)a.Scarcity(Unlimitedwantvs.Limitedresources)→Makechoices→Economicsb.Opportunitycost(Thebestchoiceyougiveup)includeexplicitandimplicitcost,theslope公式:OpportunityCostofdoingA=lossinB/gaininAc.Factorsofproductionsareresources.B.Productionpossibilitiescurve生产可能性边界曲线(识图,计算)横纵坐标轴分别是两种产品的产量,斜率是机会成本。a.曲线弯:lawofincreasingopportunitycost(生产鞋和电脑的资源不可相互替代);becausetheresourcesarenotperfectlyadaptable.b.直的:生产两种物品的资源可完全替代,也就是说资源完全可以通用,机会成本恒定。C.Comparativeadvantage,absoluteadvantage,specializationandtrade比较优势(计算),绝对优势(计算),专业化(概念),贸易(概念)a.绝对优势:moreproductive.生产一单位lesstimeorlessinput。(或者单位time或input生产更多)如果给的是时间,则不用换算b.比较优势:loweropportunitycost.xxx/hour别忘了是与本国生产另一产品的opportunitycost相比较c.Specializationandtradecanincreaseproductivityandoutput.Economicgrowthcouldbeachievedby:IncreaseinthequantityofresourcesIncreaseinthequalityofexistingresourcesTechnologicaladvancementsd.Tradecanbegoodtobothcountriesevenifonecountryhastheabsoluteadvantageinallproducts.Twocountriestradeonlywhentheyhavecomparativeadvantageondifferentgood.Aftertrading,countriesgainmoreproductionatlowercost.D.Economicsystems,Propertyrightsandtheroleofincentives计划经济和市场经济(概念),产权(概念),激励的作用(概念)Commandeconomy:公平equitable,governmentdetermines,butsophisticatedtoallocateproperly,lackofincentivesforinnovation;Free/capitalismeconomy:privateownership,propertyrights,free,incentives,competition,供求决定价格,市场决定生产多少消费多少。如果是mixedeconomy,则market和government共同决定。F.Marginalanalysis边际思维(概念)MBMC,做这件事。Marginal=additionalII.TheNatureandFunctionsofProductMarkets产品市场的特点和功能(55–70%)A.Supplyanddemand供给和需求(15–20%)1.Marketequilibrium市场均衡(先Q后P)Equilibriumquantity由Qs和Qd决定:Qs=QdD的变动才会引起P的变动2.Determinantsofsupplyanddemand供给和需求的影响因素影响需求影响供给TasteTax/SubsidyCostofinputIncomeTechnologyPriceofsubstitutegoodPriceofcomplementgoodTaxExpectationofpricecostofinputstechnologyandproductivitySubsidy/taxExpectationofpricePriceofothergoods切记:Price变动导致沿着曲线的移动,而不是曲线本身的移动;上表里的因素都是导致曲线本身移动的。S,D同向移动:左(Q减少,P不定);右(Q增加,P不定)S,D反向移动:内(P增加,Q不定);外(P减少,Q不定)3.PricecontrolPriceceiling:Createsshortagepricefloor:最低工资是经典例子CreatessurplusincreasedeadweightlossWelfareAnalysis=consumersurplus+producersurplusThemarketisefficientonlywhenMB=MC,ortotalwelfareismaximized.4.Elasticity弹性a.PriceelasticityofdemandEd=(%changeinquantitydemandedofgoodx)/(%changeinthepriceofgoodX)b.Priceelasticityofsupply一定要分清问的是关于supply还是demand需求和供给价格弹性算绝对值,不关心正负号;弹性为无穷时,叫PerfectlyElastic完全弹性,弹性大于1时,叫RelativelyElastic,弹性等于1时,叫Unitelastic,弹性小于1时,叫relativelyinelastic,弹性等于0时,perfectlyinelastic完全刚性。应用:弹性为elastic时,P降低,TotalRevenue会增加,因为Q增加的程度大于P降低的程度;为inelastic时,P降低,TotalRevenue会减少,因为Q增加的程度小于P降低的程度。影响价格弹性的因素:奢侈品的弹性大于1,必需品的弹性小于1;时间长弹性大于1;替代品多弹性大于1;占收入比重大弹性大于1。c.IncomeelasticityofdemandEI=(%changeinquantitydemandedofgoodX)/(%changeinincome)需求收入弹性正号表示物品是normalgoods,负号表示inferiorgoodsd.Cross-priceelasticityofdemandEx,y=(%changeinquantitydemandofgoodX)/(%changeinpricegoodY)交叉需求弹性正号表示A和B为substitution,负号表示A和B为complementary。5.Consumersurplus,producersurplusandmarketefficiency剩余和市场效率消费者剩余=支付意愿–市场价格;生产者剩余=市场价格–生产成本Marketefficiency:MB=MC,TotalSurplus最大Supplydothesame(longertime,moreelastic)6.Taxincidenceanddeadweightloss税收负担和无谓损失1.monopolyPerfectlycompetitivemarketPer-unitsubsidy/taxMC&ATCbothchangeOnlyATCchangeLump-sumsubsidy/taxNothingchangeNothingchange2.Tax永远是向sellers收的,只是sellers根据elasticityofdemandandsupply的不同来向consumer收钱。3.Taxorsubsidy/negative,positiveexternality会造成deadweightloss,butshiftofsupplyordemandcurve不会,因为它们形成了新的均衡点。4.收税之后,suppliers&demanderschargedifferentmoney.(onebelow,oneabove)5.在画deadweightloss的时候,尖点永远是optimalpointTradeBarriersImportwhenworldpriceislower.Exportwhenworldpriceishigher.CreatedeadweightlossTRofgovernment=quantityimported/exportedxthetariffC.Theoryofconsumerchoice消费者选择理论(5–10%)可能大题1.Totalutilityandmarginalutility总效用和边际效用Utilityisthesatisfactionorhappinesslawofdiminishingmarginalutility2.Utilitymaximization:equalizingmarginalutilityperdollar边际效用之比等于价格之比MU1/MU2=P1/P2,在预算允许的条件下。3.Incomeandsubstitutioneffects收入效应,替代效应Incomeeffect:normal:都多买或少买substitutioneffect:normal:一个多买一个少买inferior:incomedecrease多买,priceincrease少买D.Productionandcosts生产与成本(10–15%)1.Productionfunctions:shortandlongrun短期和长期的生产函数Shortrun:onlylaborvariableLongrun:allvariable2.Marginalproductanddiminishingreturns边际产量和边际产量递减规律MPofA=additionaloutput/additionalinputofAMarginalreturnsstartdiminishingwhenMPdecreasesasLincreasesFC不变随着labor的增加,MC增加(因为生产力下降)MC和MP的图!3.Short-runcosts短期成本曲线MC曲线最后是上扬的,是因为diminishingofmarginalproduct,生产能力全部被利用之后,再增加边际投入,就会出现边际产量递减,边际成本递增。4.Long-runcostsandeconomiesofscale长期成本曲线和规模经济长期有economiesofscale规模经济,指随着产量增加ATC不断下降,反之则是diseconomiesofscale规模不经济,constantreturnstoscale规模收益不变指产量变动而ATC不变,或者说投入增加的倍数与产出增加的倍数相同。规模经济的产生是因为specialization&abilitytopurchase5.Costminimizinginputcombination成本最小化的要素组合MPL/PL=MPK/PKE.Firmbehaviorandmarketstructure企业行为和产业组织(25–35%)必出大题1.Profit利润a.Accountingprofit,economicprofit会计利润(总收益-显性成本)和经济利润(总收益-显性成本-隐性成本)b.Normalprofit指的经济利润为0(但依然赚着会计利润)d.P
本文标题:AP微观经济梳理
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