The-development-of-English---News---Liceo-Scientif

ThedevelopmentofEnglishProf.CinziaTizziOldEnglish450-1066TheoriginofEnglishareinthelanguageofAnglo-Saxon,inparticulartheGermanicgrammaticalbasis(you,he,she,is,the,of)andwordsfromordinaryobjectsandeverydayactivities(man,house,water,eat,drink,sleep,work,have)VikingsinvadersfromScandinaviaaddedanumberofbasicwordssuchas:get,take,cut,they,happy,ugly.Inthe7thCenturyBritainbecameChristianandsohundredsofwordsfromLatinenteredthelanguagethroughtheinfluenceoftheChurch(school,angel,priest,monk)MiddleEnglish(1066-1500)In1066BritainwasconqueredbytheFrench-speakingNormans,andsoFrenchbecamethelanguageofthecourtandofthearistocracy.ManyFrenchwordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage(parliament,court,army,judge,government,crown,nation,pleasure,design,palace).Englishwasspokenbypeasantsinthefarms(cow,sheep,pig).Thecorrespondingmeatservedinthetablewere(beef,mutton,pork).SooftenEnglishhastwodifferentwordtoexpressthesameideasinaspokenorinawrittenform(home-residence,moon-lunar,tooth-dental,feeling-sentiment)Latinwasthelanguageofeducationandreligion.Listentotheinterviewandcompletetheexercises:Notedownthenumberofnativespeakers…Thenumberofsecondlanguagespeakers…ThenumberofforeignlanguagespeakersFieldsofapplicationCompletethefollowingsentenceswiththemissingwordsofphrases:Bythe10thcentury….DialectbecametheofficiallanguageofBritainItwaswritteninanalphabetcalled…TheLatinalphabetwasintroducedby…TheGermanicpluralformwasreplacedby…MiddleEnglishbecamedominantin…InmodernEnglishthe–thofsomeverbformbecame…ModernEnglishThecreationofmodernEnglishwasbroughtaboutby4importantfactors:theinventionofprintingpress,thechangesinthedialects,thespreadofItalianRenaissance,theproductionofthefirstdictionaryin1755bySamuelJohnsonIntheMiddleagestherewerealotofdialectsthemostfamouswasEastMidlands(fromthetownsofLondon,OxfordandCambridge),whichbecamepredominant.evenfortheunificationofmonarchyintoastronggovernment.Fromthe16thcenturyEnglishbegantotravelandsetupcoloniesandmostwordsofdifferentoriginpouredintothelanguagesuchas:tycoon,tea(fromChinese)shampoo,jungle(fromIndian)mosquito,cigar(fromSpanish),khaki(fromPersian).EnglishasaworldlanguageOneandanhalfbillionofpeoplespeakEnglish.SometimesEnglishisthenativelanguage,sometimesitisasecondlanguage,orakindoflinguafranca,butthegrammariscomplicated,thepronunciationeccentricandthespellingstrange.Neverthelessalanguagebecomespowerful,whenanationbecomespowerfulandthepowercanbe:military,culturalandeconomic.USAhasallthreepowers.Englishisflexible,itaddsnewwordsfromalllanguagesandevenspellingandpronunciationarechangingrapidlyEnglishisgrowingrapidlythankstoInternet,bute-Englishisbeyondgrammarandstandardisation,infacteachchatscanproduceitsowndialectconsistingofspecialwords,symbolsandabbreviations.BritishandAmericanEnglishPronunciation:AEusesshort“a”soundsandpronounces“r”AEusesonlyhaveAEusesgetgotgottenAEdoesn’tusetagquestionsbut,right?SpellingAEusesorganize,theatre,color,catalog,travelerVocabulary:AEapartment,bathroom,candy,cookie,drugstore,elevator,fall,Frenchfries,pants,gas,sidewalk,subway,vacationPronunciation:BEpronounceslong“a”soundanddoesnotpronouncethe“r”BEusesthePresentPerfectBEusesgetgotgotBEusestagquestions:isn’tit?BEusesorganise,theater,colour,catalogue,traveller.Vocabulary:BEflat,toilet,sweets,chemist’s,lift,autumn,chips,trousers,petrol,pavement,underground,holidayTheEnglishspeakingcountriesIn1588EnglanddefeatedtheSpanishArmadaandittooktheleadinconqueringandcolonisinglands,in1700BritaingrewstrongerandgainedcontrolofvastlandsinNorthAmericaandintheSouthPacificMillionsofpeoplemigratedtothesenewBritishlands,inparticularAmericaandin1776theAmericancoloniesseparatedfromEngland,by1900thenumberofEnglish-speakingpeopleintheUSfaroutnumberedthoseinGreatBritainThenineteenthcenturyiscalledthePaxBritannicabecauseGreatBritainwasthemostpowerfulcountryintheworldatthattime.IntheworldwarsoftwentiethcenturytheUSturnedouttobethestrongestcountryreplacingBritaininthisroleIfyouhavestudiedthisunityoushouldremember:ThemainreasonfortherapidexpansionofthislanguageThemainreasonofthetoday’spredominanceofthislanguageThecharacteristicsofe-EnglishThefuturedevelopmentofEnglishApossibledevelopmentofthisunitisEnglishliterature…ifyouwanttoreadapassagefromJamesJoyceclickonthelink!