采购与供应链管理课件04产品定位与质量管理

Part1:IntroductionandstrategyWhatispurchasingStrategicpurchasingOrganizationandstructureofsupplyPurchasingproceduresPart2:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（1）：purchasingfactorsStandardandmanagementofqualityrelationshipBuyingattherightpriceSupplyorganizationandsuppliermanagement,supplierrelationships(2)Part3:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（2）：ContrastingapproachestopurchasingContrastingapproachestosupply（2）BuyingfromoverseasPart4:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（3）：logisticsStoringofsupplygoods,materialstransportationPart5:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（4）：supplytools,supplierrelationshipsandperformancenegotiationSupplytoolsPurchasingresearch,performanceandethicsChapter5SpecifyingandManagingProductQualityDefinition1：ISO8402definesqualityas:thetotalityoffeaturesandcharacteristicsofaproductthathastheabilitytosatisfystatedorimpliedneed.(明言及暗示的需求)E.g.Aphone(call,message,wifichip…)Airticket@SpringAirlinesDefinition2：Crosbydefinesqualityas“conformitytorequirementsnotgoodness”.Thedefinitionofqualitycannevermakesenseunlessitisbasedonwhatthecustomerswant.TheFatherofZeroDefect、WorldQualityProfessor,AuthorofQualityisFree.《品质是免费的》PhilipB.Crosby(1926-2001)Definition3DavidGarvinhasdefinedfiveapproachestodefiningqualityandeightdimensions.Therightdimensions：1.Performance(性能)--theproduct’soperatingcharacteristics；2.Reliability（可靠性）--thepossibilityofaproductsurvivingforaspecifiedperiodoftimeunderstatedconditionofuse.Therightdimensions：3.Serviceability（维修性）--thespeed,accessibilityandeaseofrepairingtheitemorhavingitrepaired.4.Conformance（一致性）--thedegreethatthedeliveredproductmatchesthestandardofit.5.Durability（耐久性）--measuretheprojecteduseavailablefromtheproductoveritsintendedoperatingcyclebeforeitdeteriorates.6.Features(特色性)--thesecondarycharacteristicsthatsupplementtheproduct’sbasicfunctioning。7.Aesthetics（美学性）--personaljudgmentsabouthowaproductlooks,feels,sounds,tastes,orsmells.8.Perceivedquality（概念性质量）--closelyidentifiedwiththereputationoftheproducer.Therightdimensions：DiscussionQuestions:Page310–9.1：Taketwosimilarproducts,suchastwodifferentmakesofcarintenderforthesamecustomergrouportwowashingmachinesoranytwoproductsyoulike.1.Onthebasisofyourcomparison,recommendwhichofthetwoyouconsidergivesthebestvalueformoney.2.Whatotherfactorsapartfromtheeightstatedmightyouhavetoconsiderwhenmakingyourrecommendation?Qualityisthereforedeterminedbybalancingtechnicalconsiderations,suchasfitnessforuse,performance,safetyandreliabilitywitheconomicfactors,includingpriceandavailability.TheaimofQualitymanagementshouldalwaysbetheminimumstatementofoptimumqualitysoasnottoincreasethecostunnecessarily,restrictprocessesofmanufacturenorlimittheuseofpossiblealternativesTQM:Awayofmanagingaorganizationsothateveryjob,everyprocess,iscarriedoutright,firsttimeandeverytime.Thismeansthateachstageofmanufactureorserviceis‘total’–thatis,100percentcorrectbeforeitproceeds.1.Focusonproductimprovementfromthecustomer’sviewpoint.2.ARecognitionthatpersonnelatalllevelsshareresponsibilityforproductquality.3Recognitionoftheimportanceofimplementingasystemtoprovideinformationtomanagersaboutqualityprocessthatenablethemtoplan,control,andevaluateperformance.Juran（1904-2008）Crosby（1926-2001）Deming（1900–1993）Crosby（1926-2001）theFatherofZeroDefect,WorldQualityProfessor,Authorof‘QualityisFree’.Deming（1900-1993）:“Demingqualityaward”thehighestawardinQMinJapan.PDCA：Plan-Do-Check-Action.Juran（1904-2008）Costofpoorquality,‘Jurantrilogy’,MalcolmBaldrigeAwardOfhis20books,theQualityControlHandbookisregardedastheBibleinQMfield,andareferencearoundtheworld.AmericanMalcolmBaldrigeNationalQualityAward（美国马尔科姆.博德里奇国家质量奖）Qualitycontrolinclude：Receivinginspection,(收货检验)Classification，（分类检验）Controlinspection（过程检验）Auditinspection.（审计检验）Importantaspectsofinspection:1.Howmuchtoinspectandhowoften.2.Whentoinspect：１）.Whenmaterialsisreceivedfromsuppliers,althoughthetendencyisresponsibilityforqualitytobeplacedwiththesuppliers.２）.Beforedispatch,asrepairingorreplacingproductsafterdeliveryismorecostlythanatthefactoryandthereisalsodamagetocustomersgoodwill.３）.Beforeacostlyoperation.４）.Beforepartsarejoinedirreversiblytootherparts.5）.Beforeacoveringprocess,aspaintingorelectroplating(喷漆或电镀)canoftenmaskdefects.DiscussionPage311–9.11Explainwhythecostofdetectingproblemsincreasesdramaticallywiththedistancefromthesourceoftheproblem?Thebasisofstatisticalqualitycontrolissamplingwhichcansavetimemoneyandprovidesabasisforcontrol.Theconceptofthearithmeticmeanandstandarddeviation（算术平均值和标注差）.Solongastheresultsarewithintheupperandlowerlimits,thereisnoneedforaction.However,ifavaluefallsoutsidetheselimitsmustbeinvestigatedandrectified.(likethefigure9.5,page288)SixsigmaoriginatedatMotorolaandaimstoachievevirtuallydefect-freeprocessandproducts.Thestandarddeviationofnormaldistribution:1Sigma-68%2Sigma-95%3Sigma-99%6sigma-99.99966%，Sixsigmaindicateatargetof3.4defectspermillionopportunities(or99.99966%accuracy)TOYOTAusedtheQFDandgotahugeprofit.a.thedevelopmentcostcutdown61%.b.thedevelopmenttimecycleshorten1/3.c.thequalitya