电池工艺优化 新工艺开发、设计、试验执行方案与计划

Developmentofarenewablehydrogeneconomy:OptimizationofexistingtechnologiesThereisanincreasingneedfornewandgreatersourcesofenergyforfutureglobaltransportationapplications.Onerecognizedpossibilityforarenewable,cleansourceoftransportationfuelsissolarradiationcollectedandconvertedintouseableformsofelectricaland/orchemical(hydrogen)energy.Thispaperdescribesmethodsforutilizingandcombiningexistingtechnologiesintosystemsthatoptimizesolarenergycollectionandconversionintousefultransportationfuels.Photovoltaic(PV)-electrolysis(solarhydrogen)andPV-batterychargingsystemsdescribedinthispaperovercomeinefficienciesinherentinpastconcepts,whereDCpowerfromthePVsystemwasfirstconvertedtoACcurrentandthenusedtopowerelectricaldevicesatthepointofgeneration,orfedbacktothegridtoreduceelectricitycosts.Thesepast,non-optimizedconceptsincludedefficiencylossesinpowerconversionandunnecessarycosts.Thesedrawbackscanbeavoidedbycapitalizingontheuniquefeatureofsolarphotovoltaicdevicesthatmatchtheirmaximumpowerpointtotheoperatingpointofanelectrolyzerorabatterychargerwithoutinterveningpowertransformers.Thisconceptisillustratedfortwosystemsdesigned,built,andtestedbyGeneralMotorsforfuelingafuelcellelectricvehicleandcharginganautomotivepropulsionbattery.Basedonthisresearch,weproposeascenarioinwhichindividualhome-owners,businesses,orsitesatremotelocationswithnogridelectricity,cancapturesolarenergy,storeitashydrogengeneratedviawaterelectrolysis,oraselectricalenergyusedtochargestoragebatteries.Suchadecentralizedenergysystemprovidesahomerefuelingoptionfordriverswhoonlytravellimiteddistanceseachday.LifecycleassessmentofsolarPVbasedelectricitygenerationsystems:AreviewSustainabledevelopmentrequiresmethodsandtoolstomeasureandcomparetheenvironmentalimpactsofhumanactivitiesforvariousproductsviz.goods,services,etc.Thispaperpresentsareviewoflifecycleassessment(LCA)ofsolarPVbasedelectricitygenerationsystems.Massandenergyflowoverthecompleteproductionprocessstartingfromsilicaextractiontothefinalpanelassemblinghasbeenconsidered.Lifecycleassessmentofamorphous,mono-crystalline,poly-crystallineandmostadvancedandconsolidatetechnologiesforthesolarpanelproductionhasbeenstudied.Efficientsolarhydrogenproductionbyphotocatalyticwatersplitting:FromfundamentalstudytopilotdemonstrationPhotocatalyticwatersplittingwithsolarlightisoneofthemostpromisingtechnologiesforsolarhydrogenproduction.Fromasystematicpointofview,whetheritisphotocatalystandreactionsystemdevelopmentorthereactor-relateddesign,theessentialscouldbesummarizedas:photontransferlimitationsandmasstransferlimitations(inthecaseofliquidphasereactions).Optimizationofthesetwoissuesarethereforegivenspecialattentionthroughoutourstudy.Inthisreview,thestateoftheartfortheresearchofphotocatalytichydrogenproduction,bothoutcomesandchallengesinthisfield,werebrieflyreviewed.Researchprogressofourlab,fromfundamentalstudyofphotocatalystpreparationtoreactorconfigurationandpilotleveldemonstration,wereintroduced,showingthecompleteprocessofoureffortforthistechnologytobeeconomicviableinthenearfuture.OursystematicandcontinuousstudyinthisfieldleadtothedevelopmentofaCompoundParabolicConcentrator(CPC)basedphotocatalytichydrogenproductionsolarrectorforthefirsttime.Wehavedemonstratedthefeasibilityforefficientphotocatalytichydrogenproductionunderdirectsolarlight.Theexitingchallengesanddifficultiesforthistechnologytoproceedfromsuccessfullaboratoryphotocatalysisset-upuptoanindustriallyrelevantscalearealsoproposed.Theseissueshavebeentheobjectofourresearchandwouldalsobethedirectionofourstudyinfuture.AGIS-baseddecisionsupporttoolforrenewableenergymanagementandplanninginsemi-aridruralenvironmentsofnortheastofBrazilThisworkdescribesthedevelopmentofamanagementandplanningsystemonaGIS(GeographicInformationSystem)platformdestinedtodecisionmakersthatis,administrators,plannersorconsultantsinrenewableenergies.Itwasconceivedtodealwiththemanagementandplanningofsolarsystems,biomassandaeolicsinruralregionsofBrazil.TheprototypeoftheGIStoolcoversanareaof183,500km2andismadeupofthreeblocks:managementofinstalledrenewablesystems,inclusion(planning)ofnewsystemsandupdatingofthedatabanks.TheGISASOL1.0(GeographicInformationSystemAppliedtoSolarEnergy)hasatotalof80layersofinformationthatpermittherealizationofspatialanalysesonmanagementandplanningofrenewablesourcesofenergyatmacro-spatial(state)andlocal(municipality)levels.Adescriptionandthemethodologyusedforitsdevelopmentandadescriptionofthefunctionalitieswillbemadehere.ThesystemwasdevelopedmainlyforPVsystemsasasupporttoolformanagementandplanningoftheEnergyDevelopmentProgramforStatesandMunicipalities(PRODEEM),aprogramforinclusioninlargescaleofsolarphotovoltaicenergyintheruralenvironment,conductedbytheMinistryofMinesandEnergyofBrazil.Modellingofhybridenergysystem—PartI:ProblemformulationandmodeldevelopmentAwelldesignedhybridenergysystemcanbecosteffective,hasahighreliabilityandcanimprovethequalityoflifeinremoteruralareas.Theeconomicconstraintscanbemet,ifthesesystemsarefundamentallywelldesigned,useappropriatetechnologyandmakeuseeffec