违反合作原则的20个samples

违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。合作原则CooperativePrinciple（一）量的准则MaximofQuantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Forexample,1.Earl:Ijustwanttolookniceformysonwhenhecomesin.Max:What?Iamgoingtomeetyourkid?Earl:Well,oneofthem.Max:“Oneofthem?”Howmanydoyouhave?Earl:Sofar?Max:Oh,Earl,Iloveyou.Earl:Thisismyson,Darius.HeistheNo.1ChryslersalesmaninallofDetroit.AndheismyveryfavoriteifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisasceneofBankruptcySisters,Earlonlytoldhedressedsodecentlytomeethisson,butdidn’tsayclearlyifMaxwouldmeethissontogether,that`swhyMaxfeltpuzzledandaskedhimhowmanyofhissons;thenEarlanswered“Sofar?”,untilthelastsentencehedidtellthepurposeformeetinghissonandaddanotherunnecessarymessage“ifheistheoneI’mthinkingof.”Becauseofthehiatusortheredundancyoftheirconversation,makestheaudiencesfallintoareverieandsetsahumorouscomedyatmosphere.2.Caroline:OhmyGod!Isheyourfather?Max:Yes,heismyfather.Andmymotherisapieceofchalk.(FromBankruptcySisters)Analyze:ThisisaconversationbetweenCarolineandMax.CarolineaskedifthemancameintothecafewasMax’sfather,Maxanswer“Yes”butaddonemoresentence“Andmymotherispieceofchalk.”whichindicatedthemanwasnotMax‘sfatheratall.Obviously,thoughthissituationistypicalmessageredundancy,ithelpsthelistenerstounderstandthespeaker’srealmeaningandhumor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）Analyze:Inthisconversation,Mrs.Liuhadobeyedthemaximofquantity,thecontentofheranswerwasoverthequestionrequests.However,theextramessageofheranswershowsthetruerequirementsofMr.Liu,alsomakestheaudiencesrealizeMrs.Liu’spersonality.4.Atouristhailedabusatarequeststopandaskedtheconductor,“What’sthefaretoRegent’sPark?”“5pence,”saidtheconductor.Thetouristdidn’tgetonthebus,butinsteadranalongbehinditafteritpulledaway.Ashemetthebusagainatthenextstop,hepanted,“What’sthefaretoRegent’sParknow?”“10pence,”saidtheconductor,“You’rerunningthewrongway.”Analyze:Inthisfunnystory,thetouristwasaniggard,triedtosavemoneybyrunningafterbusandshortingthedistancetohisdestination.Atfirst,heaskedthefaretohisdestinationandwastold“5pence”;butafterherantiredoutandaskedagain,thenwastoldthefarehadrisenandheranthewrongdirectionofhisdestination.It’sascribedtothefirsttime,theconductordidnottelldetailstothetourist,broughtamisunderstandingtothetouristandthereaders:asthetouristranmorethathecouldsavedmoremoney.Hence,thehiatusoftheconversationmakesamisunderstanding,theconductorobeyedthemaximofquantity,deceivedthestingytouristbyomittingnecessaryinformationadvisedly.5.Liz:Jon,there’ssomethingimportantIneedtoaskyou.SomethingthatIwouldn’taskmostguyswhocomeinhere.Jon:Wait,no!IthinkIknowwherethisisgoing.Liz:Youdo?Jon:Ido.Liz,I’vewantedtoaskyouthesamethingforaverylongtime.Liz:Areyousurethatwe’retalkingaboutthesamething?Jon:Absolutely.Yeah,uh,I’veneverbeenmoresureofanythinginmyentirelife.Jon:Liz,Iamreadytotakeachance.Iamreadyfor...Liz:Thankyou.Jon:Adog!Adog!I’mreadyforadog.(frommovieGarfieldⅠ)Analyze:Inaboveconversation,LizonlysaidshehadsomethingtoaskJonbutdidn’tclearthedetailsofit.AndJonwasimpatienttolistentilltheend,andthensaidheknewthecontentofthat“something”.UntilLizheldadogneededtobeadoptedcameout,Jonrealizedhehadmisunderstood.Apparently,Jondidn’tgetenoughinformationfromLiz,sohemisunderstoodherandviolatedthemaximofquantityaccidentally,whichmakesthistalkdramatically.(二）质原则（MaximofQuantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话。Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse(2)不要说证据不足的话。Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Forexamples:1.ThefollowingisanAD:FeedingYourBodyandStarvingYourHair?AussieHairinsuranceisaleave-in,multi-vitaminandmineralconditioninghairsupplementthatcannourishyourhairfromwithin.......Ifyourhairisdry,frizzyorunmanageable...,maybeit’sjusthungry!Analyze:Theslogan“Starving”oftheADusuallyusedtodescribinghuman`saspirationoffood.However,thisADusedthewordtodescribehairwasobeyedthemaximofquality,givingtheobviousfakeinformationtopeopletoattractthem,bythis,thisviolationbecomesmeaningful.2.ThefollowingisanAD:Sophisticated,Sweet-to-drinkPinkLadyAnalyze:ThisADslogancreatedametaphorbyobeyingthemaximofquality.“PinkLady”isabrandofdeluxewine,theword“Sophisticated”meanssuperior.But“Sophisticated”generallyusestoembellishingapersonbutotherthings,soitbreaksthemaximofqualityindeed.Ontheotherhand,“PinkLady”alsomeansbeautifullady,sothattheusingof“Sophisticated”wasreasonable;andyetthe“Sweet-to-drink”wouldviolatethemaximofquality.Duetothesetwofoldviolations,thisADshowsaverydifferentsense:ifwecomparethewinetobeautifullady,thatwouldbefairyandelegant.TheADmixedthemup,therebyappealingreaderstodreamingaboutthiswinebrand.Thoughitviolatesthemaximofquality,itwinstheattentionofcostumers.3.T