African-American-Literature

AfricanAmericanLiterature美国黑人文学•AfricanAmericanwritersaretheminorityliterarytraditionmostfamiliartoliterarycriticismintheUnitedStates,fromeighteenth-centurypoemsbyslavessuchas•PhillisWheatleytotheexperimentalnovelsofToniMorrison.I.Overview:II.AfricanAmericanLiterature•ColonialandEarlyAmerican(1773-1860)•Antebellum(1860-1865)•Post-warandReconstruction(1865-1900)•Pre-WorldWarI(1900-1917)•theHarlemRenaissance(1918-1937)•NaturalismandModernism(1937-1960)•Contemporary(1960-present)•thefirstAfricanAmericanpoet•PoemsonVariousSubjects,ReligiousandMoral1.PhillisWheatley菲丽丝·惠特利2.HarlemRenaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴•Time:duringthe1920sandtheearly1930s•Place:theHarlemdistrictofNewYork•Literaryposition:thefirstimportantliterarymovementofAfrican-AmericanwritersHarlem,aneighborhoodinNewYorkCity,wasthecenteroftheAfricanAmericanpolitical,cultural,andartisticmovementinthe1920sandearly1930s.•Representatives:ManyinfluentialAfricanAmericanwritersandliterarypromoters,includingLangstonHughes(休斯),JamesWeldonJohnson（约翰逊）,andW.E.B.DuBois(杜博斯)ClaudMckay(麦凯)andetc.“IfWeMustDie”byMckayIfwemustdie,letitnotbelikehogs若我们必须牺牲，不要像猪一般死去Huntedandpennedinaningloriousspot,被囚禁在一个不体面的处所，Whileroundusbarkthemadandhungrydogs疯狂而饥饿的狗在我们周围吠叫Makingtheirmockatouraccursedlot;嘲笑我们不幸的命运；Ifwemustdie,Oletusnoblydie,若我们必须牺牲，啊让我体面的死去Sothatourpreciousbloodmaynotbeshed这样我们高贵的血不会白流Invain;theneventhemonsterswedefy那时，就算是我们所蔑视的妖魔们，Shallbeconstrainedtohonourusthoughdead.也会在我们死后不得不表示尊敬。Okinsmen!Wemustmeetthecommonfoe!啊同胞们！我们有着共同的敌人！Thoughfaroutnumberedletusshowusbrave,尽管敌人数目众多，让我们鼓起勇气来，Andfortheirthousandblowsdealonedeathblow!把对他们的万千控诉汇成致命一击！Whatthoughbeforeusliestheopengrave?就算在我们面前敞开坟墓又如何？Likemenwe’llfacethemurderous,cowardlypack.像真的猛士一般直面惨淡的人生pressedtothewall,dying,butfightingback!被逼到墙角等死不如奋起一搏!LangstonHughes我了解河流：我了解像世界一样古老的河流，比人类血管中流动的血液更古老的河流。我的灵魂变得像河流一般深邃。晨曦中我在幼发拉底河沐浴。在刚果河畔我盖了一间茅舍，河水潺潺催我入眠。我瞰望尼罗河，在河畔建造了金字塔。当林肯去新奥尔良时，我听到密西西比河的歌声，我瞧见它那浑浊的胸膛在夕阳下闪耀金光。我了解河流：古老的黝黑的河流。我的灵魂变得像河流一般深邃。黑人谈河流Dreams梦想--LangstonHughesHoldfasttodreams紧紧抓住梦想，Forifdreamsdie梦想若是消亡Lifeisabroken-wingedbird生命就象鸟儿折了翅膀Thatcanneverfly.再也不能飞翔Holdfasttodreams紧紧抓住梦想，Forwhendreamsgo梦想若是消丧Lifeisabarrenfield生命就象贫瘠的荒野，Frozenonlywithsnow雪覆冰封，万物不再生长3.Modernism•ZoraNealeHurston:TheirEyesWereWatchingGod•RichardWright:Nativeson•RalphEllison:TheInvisibleMan•TheoutpouringofAfricanAmericanliteratureinthe1980sand1990sbysuchwritersasToniMorrison,AliceWalker.4/24/20201).ZoraNealeHurston赫斯顿Oneofthegreatestwritersofourtime.--ToniMorrison4/24/2020Mules&MenTheirEyesWereWatchingGod《他们眼望上苍》Thereisnobookmoreimportanttomethanthisone.--AliceWalker4/24/20202).RichardWright赖特authorofstrange,darkfiction•anAfrican-Americanauthorofpowerful,sometimescontroversialnovels,shortstoriesandnon-fiction.Muchofhisliteratureconcernedracialthemes.•HisworkhelpedredefinediscussionsofracerelationsinAmericainthemid-20thcentury.4/24/2020NativeSon《土生子》Fiction:•UncleTom’sChildren(NewYork:Harper,1938)•NativeSon(NewYork:Harper,1940)•TheOutsider(NewYork:Harper,1953)•SavageHoliday(NewYork:Avon,1954)•TheLongDream(GardenCity,NewYork:Doubleday,1958)•EightMen(ClevelandandNewYork:World,1961)•LawdToday(NewYork:Walker,1963)•RiteofPassage(NewYork:HarperCollins,1994)•AFather’sLaw(London:HarperPerennial,2008)NativeSon--PlotOverview•BiggerThomas,apoor,uneducated,twenty-year-oldblackmanin1930sChicago,wakesuponemorninginhisfamily’scrampedapartmentontheSouthSideofthecity.Heseesahugeratscamperacrosstheroom,whichhecornersandkillswithaskillet.Havinggrownupundertheclimateofharshracialprejudicein1930sAmerica,Biggerisburdenedwithapowerfulconvictionthathehasnocontroloverhislifeandthathecannotaspiretoanythingotherthanmenial,low-wagelabor.HismotherpestershimtotakeajobwitharichwhitemannamedMr.Dalton,butBiggerinsteadchoosestomeetupwithhisfriendstoplantherobberyofawhiteman’sstore.•Anger,fear,andfrustrationdefineBigger’sdailyexistence,asheisforcedtohidebehindafaçadeoftoughnessorrisksuccumbingtodespair.WhileBiggerandhisganghaverobbedmanyblack-ownedbusinesses,theyhaveneverattemptedtorobawhiteman.Biggerseeswhitesnotasindividuals,butasanatural,oppressiveforce—agreatlooming“whiteness”pressingdownuponhim.Bigger’sfearofconfrontingthisforceoverwhelmshim,butratherthanadmithisfear,heviolentlyattacksamemberofhisgangtosabotagetherobbery.Leftwithnootheroptions,BiggertakesajobasachauffeurfortheDaltons.•Mary,Mr.Dalton’sdaughter,frightensandangersBiggerbyignoringthesocialtaboosthatgoverntherelationsbetweenwhitewomenandblackmen.Onhisfirstdayofwork,BiggerdrivesMarytomeethercommunistboyfriend,Jan.Eagertoprovetheirprogressiveidealsandracialtolerance,MaryandJanforceBiggertotakethemtoarestaurantintheSouthSide.DespiteBigger’sembarrassment,theyorderdrinks,andastheeveningpasses,allthreeofthemgetdrunk.BiggerthendrivesaroundthecitywhileMaryandJanmakeoutinthebackseat.Afterward,Maryistoodrunktomakeittoherbedroomonherown,soBiggerhelpsherupthestairs.Drunkandarousedbyhisunprecedentedproximitytoayoungwhitewoman,BiggerbeginstokissMary.•JustasBiggerplacesMaryonherbed,Mary’sblindmother,Mrs.Dalton,entersthebedroom.ThoughMrs.Dalton