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高考英语语法知识介词用法高考英语语法知识介词短语【解析】B句意:这家商店将关门维修,直到下次通知。考查介词辨析。until直到……时,到……为止。1.[2011·全国卷Ⅱ]Thisshopwillbeclosedforrepairs________furthernotice.A.withB.untilC.forD.at真题典例√2.[2011·北京卷]Withnewtechnology,picturesofunderwatervalleyscanbetaken________color.A.byB.ForC.withD.in【解析】D句意:利用新的科技,水下河谷的照片能被拍摄成彩色。考查介词辨析。介词in表示(手段、方法、材料)“用,以”,此处color意为“彩色”。√3.[2011·湖北卷]Whenaskedabouttheiropinionsabouttheschoolmaster,manyteacherswouldprefertoseehimstepaside________youngermen.A.intermsofB.inneedofC.infavorofD.inpraiseof【解析】C句意:当被问及他们对校长的意见时,许多老师都希望看到他让位给年轻人。考查介词短语辨析。intermsof就……而言;inneedof需要;infavorof支持,赞同;inpraiseof表扬。根据句意可知应选C项。√介词介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。①Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.(状语)②Thismachineisingoodcondition.(表语)③Whereisthekeytomybike?(定语)④Shealwaysthinksherselfaboveothers.(宾补)介词的分类————(1)从用法分类介词类型例词例句表示方位at,before,behind,below,etc.Theremustbesomethingbehindit.表示时间about,after,at,before,by,etc.Hecamehomeafter3days.表示原因、目的for,with,from,etc.Hediedfromcancer.表示对于to,for,over,at,with,etc.Thebookisreallydifficultforme.表示手段、方式by,in,with,etc.Iwilldefendthemotherlandwithmylife.表示除去but,besides,except,etc.WeallwenttothesupermarketexceptTom.表示比较as,like,above,over,than,etc.Theyunitedasoneman.表示结果to,with,without,etc.Mancan’tlivewithoutwater.介词分类构成例词简单介词只有单独一个词的介词after,at,on,in,during,since,till,across,over,through,past,near,to,above,by,for,down,from,of,off,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,up,with,about,against,along,among,around,etc.复合介词由两个单词合成的介词into,inside,onto,outside,throughout,towards,upon,within,without,etc.介词的分类————(2)从结构分类短语介词形容词,分词或副词+介词accordingto,awayfrom,downto,nearto,oppositeto,owingto,etc.连词+介词asfor,asto,becauseof,etc.介词+介词(又称双重介词)fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween,etc.介词+名词+介词bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,onaccountof,withregardto,etc.其他thanksto,etc.由其他词类转用分词concerning,considering,including,regarding,etc.形容词或副词like,near,opposite,round,next,etc.连词than,but(除……之外),etc.名词despite(不顾;不管),etc.重点介词的用法归纳与辨析1、表示世纪、年、月、季、周用in/during,inthe1990s,inMay,inspring,inthefirstweekofJune2.在某一天或某天上、下午、晚上、前夕用on3.在某一时刻、或某一点时间用at.4.till,until,to的用法。1)till/until与延续动词连用,用于肯定句,与短暂动词连用用在否定句(在句首、强调句不用till).2)to表终结常与from连用from…to…fromtimetotimefromhandtohandfromdoortodoorfromhousetohouse表“依次”fromone+名词+toanother名词+by+同一名词onebyone…5.in,after,laterin+一段时间常用一般将来时。after+一段时间=一段时间+later常用一般过去时。after+点时间常可用各种时态。6.地点介词:at,on,in,to,off,across,through,over,under,below,above,to(静态),towards(动态),along7.表示方式、手段、工具的介词by/through(表泛指的方式、手段)by(交通工具类)by/with/in(方式、手段)8.表“除…之外”的介词besides,but=except,exceptfor,exceptthat…注意:1)前面有不定代词、疑问代词时,多用butAllbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesliterature2)后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用butHehasnothingtodobutwait.3)固定短语havenochoicebuttodosth(只得做某事)cannotbutdosth=cannothelpbutdosth(不得不)butfor/butthat…(要不是)9.between/among(三者以上)10表原因的介词:for,becauseof,dueto,owingto,onaccountof,asaresultof,thanksto11.不定式复合结构中的for,of12.兼类词(兼作连词和副词)after,since,till/until,before.【难点一】Itis+adj.+of/forsb.todosth.选词填空(for/of)①Itiskind_______theteacherstohelpsupportthepoorstudents.②Itisquiteimportant_______ustoprotecttheenvironment.解析:当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时,用介词of。常见的形容词有:kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,foolish,considerate等,此时句子可以改写为sb.+be+adj.todosth.。所以①应选of,此句还可以改写为:Theteachersarekindtohelpsupportthepoorstudents;而当形容词说明不定式的性质时,用介词for,常见的形容词有:important,necessary,possible等,故②应选for。forof【难点二】except,besides,exceptfor/that,but①Yourarticleisquitegood________severalspellingmistakes.②Nobodyknewhisname_____________me.③Somepeoplechoosejobsforotherreasons________moneythesedays.④Iwouldbuythesuit,________________itcoststoomuch.⑤Who_________afoolwoulddosuchathing?解析:exceptfor表示部分地修正主句的内容,带有一种惋惜的语气;exceptthat与exceptfor意义相同,只是exceptthat后面接从句;exceptforexceptbesidesexceptthatbut【考点一】考查with/without复合结构介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(现在分词或过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。Withallthethingssheneededbought,shewenthomehappily.Possiblythispersondiedwithoutanyoneknowingwherethecoinswerehidden.【即学即练】单项填空①Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied_____hisworksunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of解析:选B。考查with复合结构。works与unfinish之间为动宾关系,所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系,则用现在分词表示主动。√【考点二】考查工具、手段、方式介词(1)by,in,on三词都可表示旅行的方式①不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不加冠词。如bysea,bywater,byland,byrail,byair等。②涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如bybike,bytaxi,byplane,byship/boat,bytrain,byspaceship等。③当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如traveltoNewYork,inthisplane,leaveonanearlytrain,gotoschool,onmybike等。注意:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamel。(2)with,by,in三词均意为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。Theyarediggingwithapick/spade.Weseewithoureyes,hearwithourears,andwalkwithourlegs.②by,in,on,over,through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如byhand,inink,onthetelephone,overtheradio,throughthetelescope等。注意:①使用语言、原料、材料时,用in表示,如inEnglish/Japanese;inblueink等。②表达“用……方法/式”时,所用介词有:inthis/that/thesameway,bymeansof,bythis/thatmeans,withthis/thatmethod等。【考点三】考查of+抽象名词的用法“of+抽象名词”的用法与形容词相同,在句中可作表语、定语、补语。of+great/much+抽象名词=very+名词的形容词形式of+no+抽象名词=not+名词的形容词形式Itisofgreatvalue.=Itisveryvaluabl
本文标题:高考英语二轮复习:介词及介词短语
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