IEEE-Std-81TM-2012

IEEEGuideforMeasuringEarthResistivity,GroundImpedance,andEarthSurfacePotentialsofaGroundingSystemSponsoredbytheSubstationsCommitteeIEEE3ParkAvenueNewYork,NY10016-5997USA28December2012IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyIEEEStd81™-2012(RevisionofIEEEStd81-1983)Authorizedlicenseduselimitedto:UNIVERSITYOFVICTORIA.DownloadedonOctober29,2013at06:31:44UTCfromIEEEXplore.Restrictionsapply.Authorizedlicenseduselimitedto:UNIVERSITYOFVICTORIA.DownloadedonOctober29,2013at06:31:44UTCfromIEEEXplore.Restrictionsapply.IEEEStd81TM-2012(RevisionofIEEEStd81-1983)IEEEGuideforMeasuringEarthResistivity,GroundImpedance,andEarthSurfacePotentialsofaGroundingSystemSponsorSubstationsCommitteeoftheIEEEPowerandEnergySocietyApproved5December2012IEEE-SAStandardsBoardAuthorizedlicenseduselimitedto:UNIVERSITYOFVICTORIA.DownloadedonOctober29,2013at06:31:44UTCfromIEEEXplore.Restrictionsapply.Abstract:Practicaltestmethodsandtechniquesarepresentedformeasuringtheelectricalcharacteristicsofgroundingsystems.Topicsaddressedincludesafetyconsiderations,measuringearthresistivity,measuringthepowersystemfrequencyresistanceorimpedanceofthegroundsystemtoremoteearth,measuringthetransientorsurgeimpedanceofthegroundsystemtoremoteearth,measuringstepandtouchvoltages,verifyingtheintegrityofthegroundingsystem,reviewingcommonmethodsforperforminggroundtesting,reviewinginstrumentationcharacteristicsandlimitations,andreviewingvariousfactorsthatcandistorttestmeasurements.Keywords:electricalmeasurements,groundimpedance,groundpotentialrise,groundresistance,groundtesting,IEEE81TM,remoteearth,soilresistivity•TheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.3ParkAvenue,NewYork,NY10016-5997,USACopyright©2012bytheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Published28December2012.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.NationalElectricalSafetyCodeandNESCareregisteredtrademarksintheU.S.Patent&TrademarkOffice,ownedbyTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Incorporated.IEEEisaregisteredtrademarkintheU.S.Patent&TrademarkOffice,ownedbytheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Incorporated.PDF:ISBN978-0-7381-8028-1STD98028Print:ISBN978-0-7381-8031-1STDPD98028IEEEprohibitsdiscrimination,harassmentandbullying.Formoreinformation,visit:UNIVERSITYOFVICTORIA.DownloadedonOctober29,2013at06:31:44UTCfromIEEEXplore.Restrictionsapply.NoticeandDisclaimerofLiabilityConcerningtheUseofIEEEDocuments:IEEEStandardsdocumentsaredevelopedwithintheIEEESocietiesandtheStandardsCoordinatingCommitteesoftheIEEEStandardsAssociation(IEEE-SA)StandardsBoard.IEEEdevelopsitsstandardsthroughaconsensusdevelopmentprocess,approvedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,whichbringstogethervolunteersrepresentingvariedviewpointsandintereststoachievethefinalproduct.VolunteersarenotnecessarilymembersoftheInstituteandservewithoutcompensation.WhileIEEEadministerstheprocessandestablishesrulestopromotefairnessintheconsensusdevelopmentprocess,IEEEdoesnotindependentlyevaluate,test,orverifytheaccuracyofanyoftheinformationorthesoundnessofanyjudgmentscontainedinitsstandards.UseofanIEEEStandardiswhollyvoluntary.IEEEdisclaimsliabilityforanypersonalinjury,propertyorotherdamage,ofanynaturewhatsoever,whetherspecial,indirect,consequential,orcompensatory,directlyorindirectlyresultingfromthepublication,useof,orrelianceuponanyIEEEStandarddocument.IEEEdoesnotwarrantorrepresenttheaccuracyorcontentofthematerialcontainedinitsstandards,andexpresslydisclaimsanyexpressorimpliedwarranty,includinganyimpliedwarrantyofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaspecificpurpose,orthattheuseofthematerialcontainedinitsstandardsisfreefrompatentinfringement.IEEEStandardsdocumentsaresuppliedASIS.TheexistenceofanIEEEStandarddoesnotimplythattherearenootherwaystoproduce,test,measure,purchase,market,orprovideothergoodsandservicesrelatedtothescopeoftheIEEEstandard.Furthermore,theviewpointexpressedatthetimeastandardisapprovedandissuedissubjecttochangebroughtaboutthroughdevelopmentsinthestateoftheartandcommentsreceivedfromusersofthestandard.EveryIEEEstandardissubjectedtoreviewatleasteverytenyears.Whenadocumentismorethantenyearsoldandhasnotundergonearevisionprocess,itisreasonabletoconcludethatitscontents,althoughstillofsomevalue,donotwhollyreflectthepresentstateoftheart.UsersarecautionedtochecktodeterminethattheyhavethelatesteditionofanyIEEEstandard.Inpublishingandmakingitsstandardsavailable,IEEEisnotsuggestingorrenderingprofessionalorotherservicesfor,oronbehalfof,anypersonorentity.NorisIEEEundertakingtoperformanydutyowedbyanyotherpersonorentitytoanother.AnypersonutilizinganyIEEEStandardsdocument,shouldrelyuponhisorherownindependentjudgmentintheexerciseofreasonablecareinanygivencircumstancesor,asappropriate,seektheadviceofacompetentprofessionalindeterminingtheappropriatenessofagivenIEEEstandard.Translations:TheIEEEconsensusdevelopment