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Unit7WomeninEducation,SportsandMediaEducationWhiletherightsofwomenintheworldsofpoliticsandworkandthepositionofwomeninthefamilyarethefocusoftheAmericanwomen'smovementtoday,feministshavemanyotherconcernswhichindicatethewidespreadeffectsthatthemovementhashadoncontemporarylife.Onespecialareaofconcerniseducation.ManyeducatorsandparentsbelievethattheeliminationofsexbiasinschoolsisabsolutelynecessaryinorderforwomentoachieveequalityinAmericanlife.Untilthemiddleofthe1970'scoursesopentoonlyboysoronlygirls,automechanicsorcooking,forexample,werecommonplaceinschools.Physicaleducationclasseswereusuallysegregatedbysex,andmoremoneywasspentonsportsforboysthanforgirls.Careeradviceoftenencouragedgirlstotrainforsuch“acceptableoccupationsasnurseorsecretaryorteacher,whileboyswereprogrammedforhigh-levelmathematicsandsciencecoursesandindustrialartsclasses.虽然妇女在政治和工作领域的权利以及妇女在家庭中的地位是当今美国妇女运动的焦点,但女权主义者还有许多其他的关切,这表明该运动对当代生活产生了广泛的影响。一个特别关注的领域是教育。许多教育家和家长认为,消除学校中的性别偏见对于妇女实现美国生活中的平等是绝对必要的。直到1970年代中期,只有男生或女生可以参加的课程,比如汽车机械或烹饪,在学校里都很常见。体育课通常按性别分开,男孩花在体育上的钱比女孩多。职业建议经常鼓励女孩接受诸如护士、秘书或教师等可接受的职业培训,而男孩则被安排参加高级数学、理科课程和工业艺术课程。SomeofthissegregationhasbeeneliminatedasaresultofCongress’passageofTitleIXoftheEducationAmendmentsin1972.TitleIXprohibitedsexdiscriminationineducationalprogramsreceivingfederalassistance.Enforcementofthismeasurehasencouragedprogressinmovingtowardequalityineducation.Mostschoolshavemadesomechangesintheiradmissionandcoursepolitics,thusencouragingmorewomentopursuenontraditionalcareers.Sportsparticipationbyfemaleshasincreaseddramatically.Women'sstudiesprogramshavebeeninstitutedinschoolsandcolleges.由于国会在1972年通过了《教育修正案》第九章,一些这种隔离已经被消除了。第九章禁止接受联邦援助的教育项目中的性别歧视。这项措施的实施鼓励了教育平等的进展。大多数学校在招生和课程政治上做了一些改变,从而鼓励更多的妇女从事非传统的职业。女性参与体育活动显著增加。妇女研究项目已经在学校和大学设立。Yet,muchinequalityintheeducationofwomenstillremains.Feministspointoutthatmanytextbooksinusestillportraywomeninstereotypedwaysandoftentextsfailtoincludeanydiscussionofwomen'shistoryatall.Theyagreethatrealisticadviceaboutcareerandeducationalgoalsisoftenunavailabletowomen.Toofewwomenareindecisionmakingpositionsadministrator,principal,superintendentofschools.GroupshavebeenorganizedtocheckontheenforcementofTitleIXandtoencouragetheeliminationofsexismineducation.Onesuchgroup,theProjectonEqualRights(PEER)hasreportedthatfewcomplaintsf33e4rfiledaboutsexdiscriminationareactuallyinvestigated.Hundredsofpeoplehavewrittento[thegovernment]forhelpunderTitleIX,saysHollyKnox,directorofPEER.Theycouldn'tgointoclassorcouldn’tgetjobs;theyweredeniedequalpayorthechancetoplaysportssolelybecauseoftheirsex.[Thegovernment]turneditsbackonmostofthem.Citizenswhohadeveryrighttoexpectgovernmenthelpwereeitherignoredorofferedreliefwhenitnolongermattered.”EnforcementofTitleIXisstillacontinuingproblem.然而,妇女教育方面的许多不平等现象仍然存在。女权主义者指出,许多使用的教科书仍然以刻板印象的方式描绘妇女,而且教科书通常根本不包括对妇女历史的任何讨论。他们同意,关于职业和教育目标的现实建议往往对妇女不可用。担任学校行政、校长、校长的决策职位的妇女太少。已组织小组检查第九职称的执行情况,并鼓励消除教育中的性别歧视。平等权利项目(PEER)就是这样的一个组织,它报告说很少有关于性别歧视的投诉被实际调查。PEER主任霍莉·诺克斯(HollyKnox)说:“数以百计的人根据《第九章》向政府寻求帮助。”他们不能去上课,不能找到工作;他们被剥夺了同等的工资,或者仅仅因为他们的性别而不能参加体育运动的机会。[政府]对大多数人不予理睬。当政府不再重要时,那些完全有权要求政府帮助的公民要么被忽视,要么得到救济。SportsTheAmericandevotiontosportsofallkindshad,untilrecently,beenadevotiontoactivitieswhichinvolvedmenandboysalmostexclusively.Today,however,inpartasaresultofTitleJX,butlargelyduetotheeffortsofsuchwomenastennischampionBillieJeanKing,women'sparticipationinsportsisgrowingrapidly.Thispastdecadehasseenwomen'stennisincreasedenormouslyinmediaattentionandinprizemoneyoffered,whichhadalwaysbeenconsiderablylessthanthatofferedmen.Collegeandhighschoolshaveincreasedtheirsupportforwomen'steams,andthenumberofspectatorsatwomen'sgameshasexpandedgreatly.MothersandfathersnowcoachdaughtersaswellassonsonLittleLeagueteams.Educatorsandindustryleaderspointoutthatinadditiontobuildingphysicalenduranceandcoordinationskills,participationinsportsactivitiesteachesperseverance,teamwork,andleadershipskills,allofwhichareimportanttoyoungpeopleintheirfuturelives.Onehighschoolcoachsaid,“Girlscangetjustasmuchbenefitoutofsportsasboyscan.Thedayswhenpeoplethoughtitwasn'tfemininearegone.”直到最近,美国人对各种体育运动的热爱还几乎只限于男子和男孩的活动。然而,今天,部分由于标题JX,但主要是由于网球冠军比利·让·金等妇女的努力,妇女参与体育运动的人数正在迅速增加。在过去的十年中,女子网球在媒体关注度和奖金上都大大增加了,而这些钱总是远远少于男子。大专和高中增加了对女队的支持,女运会的观众人数也大大增加了。现在,爸爸妈妈在少年棒球联盟球队里教儿子和女儿。教育工作者和行业领袖指出,除了培养身体耐力和协调能力之外,参加体育活动还培养毅力、团队精神和领导能力,所有这些对年轻人未来的生活都很重要。一位高中教练说:“女孩子从运动中得到的好处和男孩子一样多。人们认为它不是女性的日子已经一去不复返了。”MediaFeministshavealsobeenactiveinattemptingtoeliminatesexisminallformsofmedia.Pointingoutthatmagazines,books,television,radio,andmovieshaveatremendousinfluenceonAmericans,theyhaveaccusedthemediaofportrayingmenandwomeninstereotypedways.In1900,SusanB.Anthonywrote:女权主义者也积极地试图消除各种媒体中的性别歧视。他们指出,杂志、书籍、电视、广播和电影对美国人有巨大的影响,他们指责媒体刻板地刻画男人和女人。1900年,苏珊·B·安东尼写道:aslongasnewspapersandmagazinesarecontrolledbymen,everywomen...mustwritearticleswhicharereflectionsofmen’sideas.Aslongasthatcontinues,women’sideasanddeepestconventionswillnevergetbeforethepublic.只要报纸和杂志是由男人控制的,每个女人……必须写反映男人思想的文章。只要这种状况持续下去,妇女的思想和最深刻的习俗就永远不会在公众面前出现。Herstatementisstillsignificanttodaywheno
本文标题:Unit7
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