中央政府与地方政府的政策博弈及其治理

20063282ModernEconomicScienceMar.,2006Vol.28No.2,(,215021,,215021):,GDP,,,,:;;;:F224.32:A:1002-2848-2006(02)-0045-07,,,:,,,,,,:,,,,,,2005,:2005-08-18:2004(:04JDZH005):(1955-),,,,:;(1982-),,,:20053,2005,:;,20055,,,,,,,,,,,,,54,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,???:;;()(benevolentgovern2ment),(malevolent),,AnthonyDowns,,,,[1],Downs:,200573(purelyself-interest2edofficials)(mixed-motivatedof2ficials),(climbers)(conservers);,,Downs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,:,,;,,:,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,(),,,?64,,,,,,,,,,()[2],:,,,,,,,,,,1.(Decentralization),,,,1994,,,,,,,,,Bardhan[3],,,(Accountability)(crediblecommitment):,,;,,Qianetal.[4],(information)(2004),,,,,,,:,2003.(authority),,,,,,,:,;,,,?,,[4],,,,AlwyYoung,[5],,,,,,,,,[6]Che[7],(Predatorybehaviors),,80,74,,,,198440.51%199322%,GDP19849.28%19932.77%,1994,,,,GDP,,,2.GDP,,,(Votingbytheirfeet)Qianetal.(1997),(jurisdictioncompetition),,,,,,(Exit),,,,,,(Voice),,Grossmanetal.(1986)Matouschek(2004):,(affecttheamountofprivateinformation),,(remove),(incentives),,,(measurement),,,(rank-order)[8],GDP:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,84(),,,;,,,,,,LaurenceJ.lauetal.,(Paretoimproving)[8],,Laffontetal.[9],(potentiallosers)(politicalopposition),,Li,(policy-driven),,[10]20,,,,,,:,,,GDP,,,,,,,(Disagreementpayoff)[11],[12],,,,;,,,,,:,;,:,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,()1.,,,94,,2.,,,,,,,,,,:()19841993,40.5%22.0%,,,200354.6%199470%199450%,20,60%11:%19851994199519961997199819992000200120022003LFR61.644.347.850.651.150.548.947.847.645.045.4LFE60.369.770.872.972.671.168.565.369.569.369.9:2003:LFR;LFE,,,2003,25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,[13],,,,,,,,,,[14],:,;,,()05,,,,,,:[1]AnthonyD.ATheoryofBureaucracy[J].AmericanE2conomicReview,1965,55,no.1/2,(March):439-446.[2],,.:()[M].:,,1999.[3]PranabB.DecentralizationofGovernanceandDevelop2ment[J].TheJournalofEconomyPerspective,2002,16,no.4(Fall):185-205.[4]QianY.BarryR.Weingast.FederalismasaCommit2menttoPreservingMarketIncentives[J].TheJournalofEconomyPerspective,1997,11,no.4(Autumn):83-92.[5],,.[J].,2002(9):24-30.[6]AlwynY.TheRazorpsEdge:DistortionsofIncremenalReforminthePeoplepsRepublicofChina[J].TheQuar2terlyJournalofEconlmics,2000,XVI,November,issue4:1091-1035.[7]CheJ.RentSeekingandGovernmentOwnershipofFirms:AnApplicationtoChina’sTownshipVillageEn2terprise[J].JournalofComparativeEconomics,2002,30,no.4:787-811.LawrenceJ.L,YingyiQ,Ger2ardR.Pareto-improvingEconomicReformsthroughDual-trackLiberalization[J].EconomicLetters,1997,55:285-292.[8]EdwardPL,SherwinR.Rank-orderTournamentsasOptimumLaborContracts[J].JournalofPoliticalEcon2omy,1981,89,no.5:841-864.[9]Jean-JacquesL,QianY.TheDynamicsofReformandDevelopmentinChina:APoliticalEconomyPerspective[J].EuropeanEconomicReview,1999,43:1105-1114.[10]LiH.Government’sBudgetConstraint,CompetitionandPrivatization:EvidencefromChina’sRuralIndustry[J].JournalofComparativeEconomics,2003,31,no.4:486-502.[11]GrossmanS,HartO.1986,TheCostandBenefitofOwnership:ATheoryofVerticalandLateralIntegration[J].JournalofPoliticalEconomy,94,no.4:691-719.[12]NikoM.ExpostInefficienciesinaPropertyRightsThe2oryoftheFirm[J].JournalofLaw,Economics&Or2ganization,2004,20,no.1:45-63.[13]().[A]..[M].:,2004.[14]()O.[M]..:,2001.:15TowardtheNatureandEconomicEffectofTechnicalBarrierstoTradeLIUQi1,ZHONGXin2(1.SchoolofEconomicsandFinance,XianJiaotongUniversity,Xian710061,China;2.SchoolofEconomicsandManagement,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing100875,China)Abstract:Technicalbarrierstotrade(TBT),asoneofthemosteffectivenon2tariffbarriers,arebeingusedexten2sively.Thisfactisduetodifferentreasonssuchasthegapoftechnologicallevel,sharpreductionintariffandeliminationofquantitativerestriction,demandsonhealthandsafetyofconsumers,exceptionalstipulationsofWTOagreements,andthecharacteristicsofTBTitself.SomemeasuresofTBTarereasonable;theyplaypositiverulestopromoteinternationaltrade.However,othersbecometradebarriersinthelegalformandthusaredifficulttodealwith.TheseTBTrestrictthegrowthrateofinternationaltradeaswellasaffectcountries’policyindirectorindirectmanner.Keywords:Non2tariffbarriers;WTO;TBT;TechnicalStandards;TBTAgreementEmpiricalStudyonIncomeinequality,FinancialDevelopmentandDemandFluctuationinChina:197822001HEQiu2shuo(SchoolofEconomics,XiamenUniversity,Xiamen361005,China)Abstract:Weexaminetherelationshipbetweenincomeinequalityandvariabilityinaggregateconsumptiondemandfluctuation.Inhighincomeregions,greaterincomeinequalityappearstobeassociatedwithmorevariabilityinconsump2tiongrowth,whereasinlowerincomeregions,higherlevelsofincomeinequalitytendtobeassociatedwithlessvariability.Wefindsomeevidenceswhichsuggestthattheleveloffinancialdevelopmentmayhelptoexplainwhythedistributionofincomeaffectstheshort2runvariabilityofconsumptionindifferentmannersinhighandlowincomeregions.ThepolicyrecommendationistoacceleratetheeconomicandfinancialdevelopmentinlowincomelevelregionssuchasWestChinaandstrengthenthefinancialdevelopmentadjustment.Keywords:Incomeinequality;Consumptiondemand;FinancialdevelopmentEmpiricalAnalysisonConstraintofHouseholdIncomeGaponEconomicGrowthWANGShao2guo(SchoolofEconomics,CapitalUniversityofEcon