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DuringtheSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesperiods,therewasagreatupsurgeofIntellectualactivity,producingmanyfamousphilosophers,suchasLaoZi,Confucius,MenciusandMoZi,andthewell-knownmilitarystrategistSunWu.春秋战国最著名的四个:儒墨道法一、儒家:代表人物:孔子、孟子、荀子。作品:《论语》、《孟子》、《荀子》二、道家:代表人物:老子、庄子、列子。作品:《道德经》、《庄子》、《列子》三、墨家:代表人物:墨子。作品:《墨子》四、法家:代表人物:韩非、李斯、商鞅。作品:《韩非子》LaoZiLaoziwasaphilosopherofancientChinaandisacentralfigureinTaoism.LaoziliterallymeansOldMasterandisgenerallyconsideredanhonorific.ThefocusofTaoismisontheindividualwithinthenaturalrealmratherthantheindividualwithinsociety;accordingtoTaoism,thegoaloflifeforeachindividualistoseektoadjustoneselfandadapttotherhythmofthenaturalworld,tofollowtheWayoftheuniverse,toliveinharmony.老子哲学Laozitriedtobuildatheorytoincludetheuniverseofallthings.Hebelievethatallthingsfollowthelaw:theinternalofthethingitselfisnotasingle,static,buttherelativecomplexityandchange.Thethingitselfthatistheunityoftheyinandyang.老子试图建立一个囊括宇宙万物的理论。老子认为一切事物都遵循这样的规律(道):事物本身的内部不是单一的、静止的,而是相对复杂和变化的。事物本身即是阴阳的统一体。老子的“无为”并不是以“无为”为目的,而是以“有为”为目的。因为根据之前提到的“道”,“无为”会转化为“有为”。MoZiHebelievedthatallmenareequal,andthatmankindshouldseektoimitateheavenbyengaginginthepracticeofcollectivelove.主张兼爱非攻:兼,视人如己;兼爱,即爱人如己。「政治上主张尚贤、尚同和非攻;经济上主张强本节用;思想上提出尊天事鬼。同时,又提出「非命」的主张,强调靠自身的强力从事。SunWuSunZi'sArtofWarhasaltogether13chapters.Bothconciseandcomprehensive,thisbooksumuptheexperienceofancientwars,bringtolight(揭示)manylawsofwar,whichareofuniversalsignificance.兵家重点在于指导战争,在不得不运用武力达到目的时,怎么样去使用武力。ConfuciusHebelievedthattheonlyeffectivesystemofgovernmentnecessitatedprescribedrelationshipsforeachindividual:Lettherulerbearulerandthesubjectasubject.孔子思想政治思想(PoliticalThought):“礼”与“仁”,在治国的方略上,他主张“为政以德”经济思想(EconomicThought):重义轻利、见利思义的义利观与富民思想教育思想(EducationalThought):提倡“有教无类”,创办私学,广招学生美学思想(AestheticThought):“美”和“善”的统一,也是形式与内容的统一MenciusHearguedthatarulercouldnotgovernwithoutthepeople'stacitconsent,andthatthepenaltyforunpopular,despoticrulewasthelossofthemandateofheaven.至圣与亚圣Confuciusandmenciusarethespringandautumnandwarringstatesperiodfamousthinkereducator,inthetwothousandyearsofthefeudalsociety,thereveredasthemostholyandtheholytheirideas,ofChinesesocietyhashadaprofoundimpact,evenasfarasJapanKoreaEurope,etc,inworldhistoryisimportant.ThisisLuGuoSanafterhuanmencius,nameoffather,motherZhangShimenciusisnobleMengSunShiluwondered,afterthingscomefromlumoveZouGuomenciustearthreeyearsold,themothermengthroughwillhebroughtupmothermengoververystrict,itsMengMuSanQianmothermengbrokenwovendaretowomen,story,becomehistoric美谈,isthemodelofmothertaughtgenerationsofthefourthgenerationofConfucius'disciple,isthediscipleoftsangagain孟子本为“鲁国三桓”之后,父名激,母仉氏。孟子远祖是鲁国贵族孟孙氏,后家道衰微,从鲁国迁居邹国。孟子三岁丧父,孟母艰辛地将他抚养成人。孟母管束甚严,其“孟母三迁”、“孟母断织”“不敢去妇”等故事,成为千古美谈,是后世母教之典范。属孔子第四代弟子,是曾子的再传弟子。孟子周游列国MenciusmothermovedthreetimesOnceuponatimemenciussmallofthetimelivedwithhismotherinthechurchyardsideandtheneighborhoodkidsmenciustogetherlearntoadultbowdowntotheappearanceofcriedaloud,playingthegameforamencius'smothersaw,hefrowned:noway!Ican'tletmychildrenlivehere!Mencius'smothertookmenciusmovedtomarket,closetokillpigsheepandgototheplacewenttoliveinbazaar,menciusandandtheneighborhoodkids,thestudyofbusinessandbusinessmanbutcheredthepigsheepthingmencius'smotherknewthat,andfrowned:thisplaceisnotgoodformychildrentolivein!Sotheyandmovingthistime,theymovedtoschooleachmonthbeginningthistimearoundXiaLi,officialstotheConfuciustemple,bowdownsaluteeachother,politeoneanother,menciussawafterlearningofthemotherissatisfiedthatmenciusplacehisheadandsaid:thisismysonshouldplacetolive!Thenlivinginthisplace孟母三迁从前孟子小的时候和母亲住在墓地旁边。孟子就和邻居的小孩一起学着大人跪拜、哭嚎的样子,玩起办理丧事的游戏。孟子的妈妈看到了,就皱起眉头:“不行!我不能让我的孩子住在这里了!”孟子的妈妈就带着孟子搬到市集,靠近杀猪宰羊的地方去住。到了市集,孟子又和邻居的小孩,学起商人做生意和屠宰猪羊的事。孟子的妈妈知道了,又皱皱眉头:“这个地方也不适合我的孩子居住!”于是,他们又搬家了。这一次,他们搬到了学校附近。每月夏历初一这个时候,官员到文庙,行礼跪拜,互相礼貌相待,孟子见了之后都学习记住。孟子的妈妈很满意地点着头说:“这才是我儿子应该住的地方呀!”于是居住在了这个地方。后来,大家就用“孟母三迁”来表示人应该要接近好的人、事、物,才能学习到好的习惯。这也说明了环境能改变一个人的爱好和习惯。孟母断织孟子小的时候,放学回家,他的母亲正在织丝,(见他回来,)问道:“学习怎么样了?”孟子(漫不经心地)说:“跟过去一样。”孟母(见他无所谓的样子,十分恼火,)用剪刀剪断织好的布。孟子害怕极了,就问他母亲这样做的原因。孟母说:“你荒废学业,如同我剪断这丝一样。有德行的人学习是为了树立名声,问才能增长知识。所以平时能安宁,做起事来就可以避免于祸害。现在荒废了学业,就不免于做下贱的劳役,而且难于避免祸患。凭什么跟织布为生不一样?(意思是还不如织布为生)!我半途而废,难道可以让你长期有衣服穿有粮食吃?女人如果荒废了生产家里需要的生活必需品,男人放松了自己的修养和德行,那么一家人不做强盗小偷就只能做奴隶劳役了!”孟子吓了一跳,自此,从早到晚勤奋学习不休息,把子思当做老师,终于成了天下有大学问之人。有德行的人认为孟母懂得做母亲的法则。启示MengMuSanQianlater,althoughforthegrowthofthesontocreateagoodenvironment,butmothermengthereforedidn'tshethinkthateverythingisallright,ifthesubjectivenothardwork,orcan'tdosomethingsoshepressedontothesonoftheeducation,urgedhimtostudyhardwithhertodescribeastudy,usetodescribeFeiXuebrokenwoven,veryconvincingmenciusonlearningcasually,mothermengtakeoffwovenmeasures,makemenciushadagreatdealofexcitement,whichchangesFeiXuealeopardmenciusthenbecomesafamousworldofintellectuals,andwithhismother'seducationisnotdivided孟子晚年著书立说《孟子》有七篇传世:《梁惠王》上下;《公孙丑》上下;《滕文公》上下;《离娄》上下;《万章》上下;《告子》上下;《尽心》上下。四书南宋时朱熹将《孟子》与《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》合在一起称“四书”。《孟子》是四书中篇幅最大的部头最重的一本,有三万五千多字,从此直到清末,“四书”一直是科举必考内容。民本思想Apeople-orientedthoughtsMenciusaccordingtotheexperienceofthewarr
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