初高中英语语法衔接系列(二)20091109091927687761210

初高中英语语法衔接系列（二）时态与语态一、动词时态英语的时态从时间上来看，可分为“现在”，“过去”，“将来“和”过去将来“四大类。动词共有十六种不同时态，但常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时、将来完成时和将来进行时1）经常性、习惯性的动作Igotoworkbybus.2）现在的特征或状态IamateacherandIteachEnglish.Ilovesports.3）普遍真理Lighttravelsfasterthansound.Waterboilsat100℃.I.一般现在时II.一般过去时1、一般过去时用法：句中常有表示过去的时间状语如yesterday,in1989,once,lastweek(month,year),atthattime,justnow等1）表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态Heboughtanewbikelastweek.Theywereintheofficejustnow.2）表示过去经常或反复发生的动作WhenIwasasmallchild,Ioftenwenttothatparkandplayedfootball.特殊句式1.It’stimewe________(have)arest.hadIt’s(high)time后从句谓语用过去式2.Iwouldratherhe_______(come)withyou.camewouldrather后从句谓语一般用过去式III.一般将来时1、一般将来时用法：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态IwillgotoTibetsomedaybyplane.Hewillbebusytonight.2、谓语构成1）肯定句（1）will加动词原形（第一人称也可用shall）She__________backintwentyminutes.willcome（2）begoingto加动词原形a.打算、计划做某事I_______________adictionarytomorrow.amgoingtobuyb.即将、眼看要发生Lookatthedarkclouds.It________________.isgoingtorain（3）beto加动词原形：安排好的事We_____________attheentranceofthepark.aretomeet（4）按时刻表进行的,可用现在时表示将来Theplane_________ataquarterpastnine.arrives（5）用进行时表示将来They_____________(leave)tomorrow.areleavingcome,leave,go,move,start,arrive,stay（6）主句是将来时，条件从句用现在时We______(go)totheparkifit__________(not,rain)tomorrow.willgodoesn’trainIV.现在进行时1、现在进行时用法：1）表示此时此刻正在进行的动作Iamteachingandyouarelisteningtome.2）表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作Heiswritingabookthisweek.3）与always连用表示赞扬、不满等情绪Thegirlisalwayssmilinghappily.Youarealwaysmakingthesamemistake.2、谓语构成：be动词(am,is,are)+现在分词Tom’smother___________(watch)TVandhisfather_____________(read)newspaper.iswatchingisreadingV.过去进行时1、过去进行时用法表示过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进行的动作HewaswatchingTVwhenIcamein.2、谓语构成be动词(was,were)+现在分词a.She___________(see)afilmwithherfriendthistimeyesterday.wasseeingb.We____________footballwhenitbegantorain.wereplayingVI.现在完成时1、现在完成时用法：1）表示动作已经完成（强调发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果）Ihavefinishedmywork.Hehasfoundhislostkey.2）表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态Theyhaveworkedinthatfactoryfortenyears.2、谓语构成：助动词(have,has)+过去分词We__________onehundredappletreesthisyear.haveplantedMissLi_________anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.hasboughtVII.过去完成时1、过去完成时用法：表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作WhenIarrived,thefilm__________(begin).2、过去完成时构成：had+过去分词WhenIgothome,they______(get)supperready.hadbegunThey___________(learn)ChineseforayearbeforetheycametoChina.hadlearnedHe___________(finish)writingthereportbytheendoflastmonth.hadfinishedShetoldusherparents___________(work)inthehospitalfortwentyyears.hadworkedhadgotHesaidhe_________toJapantwice.hadbeen特殊句式1.Hardly______we_________(begin)whenweweretoldtostop.hadbegun2.Nosooner_____themurderer______(come)backhomethanhewasarrested.hadcomeHardly……when……；Nosooner……than……：一……就……前一时态用过去完成时，后一时态用过去时VIII.过去将来时1、过去将来时用法：表示在过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作HesaidhewouldvisitthePalaceMuseumthenextweek.2、过去将来时构成：would+动原或was(were)goingto+动原Hetoldmehe_________(take)metotheUSthenextmonth.wouldtakeTheysaidthey______________(not,allow)anyreportertoentertheirfactory.wouldn’tallowWetoldherwe_________________(send)hertoBeijing.weregoingtosendIX.现在完成进行时1、用法从过去开始的动作不间断地延续到现在，有可能继续持续下去。2、谓语构成：have/hasbeendoinghavebeenwaitingIt__________________(rain)sincethisMonday.hasbeenrainingWe__________________(wait)forhimforthreehours.将来完成时“willhavedone”表示到将来的某个时间已经完成的行为。We__________________(complete)thebuildingbytheendofnextyear.willhavecompletedwillbehaving将来进行时“willbedoing”表示在将来的某个时间里正在进行的动作。Pleaseaskhimnottophonemewhenhecomes,I_____________(have)ameetingat3o’clockthisafternoon.动词的语态主动语态被动语态主语是动作的执行者Wewatertheflowersonceaweek.Theycaughtthethiefstealingabike.主语是动作的承受者Theflowersarewateredonceaweek.Thethiefwascaughtstealingabike.一、被动语态的构成：be动词+及物动词的过去分词二、各种时态的被动语态：主动句变被动句：a.主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语b.被动句的谓语由“be+原主动句谓语动词的过去分词”构成，由be体现时态（语态变了，时态不能变）c.主动句的主语变为by的宾语，可省略1、一般现在时：Thedustmencleanthestreeteverymorning.Thestreetiscleanedbythedustmeneverymorning.Thestreetiscleanedeverymorning.am/is/are+过去分词2、一般过去时：Wehidtheballbehindthedoorlastnight.Theball_________behindthedoorbyuslastnight.was/were+过去分词3、一般将来时：Theywillplantsomepinetreesinthepark.Somepinetrees________________inthepark.willbe+过去分词4、现在进行时：Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeovertheriver.Anewbridge________________overtheriver.am/is/are+being+过去分词5、过去进行时：ThedoctorswereoperatingonhimwhenIarrived.He_______________________whenIarrived.was/were+being+过去分词washiddenwillbeplantedisbeingbuiltwasbeingoperatedon6、现在完成时：Hehaspostedalltheletters.Alltheletters________________.have/has+been+过去分词1、双宾语：一个变主语，另一个不动(间宾前加介词)MyfriendboughtmetwoEnglishbooks.I____________twoEnglishbooks.TwoEnglishbooks____________forme.2、主动句中省去的to，被动句中要写出来Thebossmadetheworkers______14hoursaday.Theworkersweremade________14hoursaday.７、情态动词：Youmustreturnthebooktomorrow.Thebook________________tomorrow.must/can/may+be+过去分词havebeenpostedmustbereturnedwasboughtwereboughtworktowork