现代英语词汇学概论3

Chenghu9.5Chapter3Word-formation(I)(三种基本构词法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法3.3.1Prefixation加前缀3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykind(derivationalorinflectional)canbeadded.词根、词干和词基是语言学上一个词删去所有的词缀后剩下的那部分。词根root是一个词主要意义的承载部分，是不可以再分的；词干stem是只能添加屈折词汇的词素，即一个词被除去屈折词缀所剩下的部分；词基base是既能添加派生词缀，又可添加屈折词缀的词素。例如：i.e：Nationalities词根nation主要意义词干：nationality去掉了屈折词缀-ies词基：nation是national的词基national是nationlity的词基undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.2)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot词根:nationStem词干:denationalizeBase词基:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalizedesirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)3.2Compounding复合构词法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentbackTherelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion:书写标准Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.E.g.flowerpotSolid:flowerpot；moonlight；mooncakeHyphenated:flower-pot；Mid-AutumnOpen:flowerpot；2.Phonologicalcriterion:Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.E.g.blacklistblackboardbluebottlebluebirdbluebirdBluebottlebluebottleBluefishbluefish3.Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsbackQ:Theclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech(词性)1.n.compounds2.adj.compounds3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主谓关系verbandadverbial动宾关系verbandadverbial谓状关系restrictiverelation限制关系coordinatingrelationship并列关系……thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehavehimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean.Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A..time-consumedB..timely-consumedC.time-consumingD..timely-consuming答案：C风蚀岩石weather-beatenrocks日晒的健康肤色suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵的人afault-findingperson破纪录的速度arecord-breakingspeed免税的tax-free无忧无虑的care-free防火的fire-proof隔音的sound-proof滴水不漏的water-tight密封的，不漏气的air-tight没膝深的knee-deep齐肩高的shoulder-high终身的lifelong晶莹剔透的Crystal-clear苦乐参半的bittersweet谈论的话题talked-abouttopic杜撰的故事made-upstory24小时看守round-the-clockwatch作现场勘查makeanonthespotinspection3.3Derivation派生构词法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.backDerivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erbackAcombiningform[构词成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanics流体力学televisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephoneCombiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.e.g.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy(suffix)独裁统治hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy(suffix)水文地理学telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone(suffix)Fromthepointofviewofderivation,nodistinctionshouldbemadebetweencombiningformsandaffixesinthisbook,inwhichallthecombiningformsarelabeledeitherasprefixesorsuffixes.back组合形式另一类粘附词素叫做“组合形式”。组合形式如arch-，auto-，bi（o）-，-crat，-cracy，-dict，geo-，-graphy，-graph，hydro-，-logue，-logy，multi-，-phone，pseudo-，psych（o）-，-scope，techn（o）-，tele-等，都是一些源自希腊文和拉丁文等古典文字的外来词。它们与词缀根本不同之处在于它们可能做词根构成一种特殊的派生词，它们也可能与单词或其他组合形式相结合构成一种特殊的复合词。3.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixati