浅析玉米高产挖潜与高产高效的几个问题-王志刚

浅析玉米高产挖潜与高产高效的几个问题报告人：王志刚2011年8月陕西·杨凌第十二届全国玉米栽培学术研讨会报告内容提要超高产高效的限制因子浅析高产挖潜与资源增效的方向小结内蒙古平原灌区玉米高产潜力光温潜在产量最高记录产量区试产量平均单产玉米单产3005501200内蒙古玉米产量等级差异及可挖掘潜力3053.91342.81342.8＜700＜400世界最高产量1850.5500光温潜在产量最高记录产量区试产量平均单产玉米单产3005501200内蒙古玉米产量等级差异及可挖掘潜力3053.91342.81342.8＜700＜400世界最高产量1850.5500玉米超高产攻关进展显著，高产纪录不断刷新问题1：进一步挖潜难度大，对限制因子和挖潜方向认识不足问题2：靠大量水肥投入支撑，资源利用效率提升潜力大2006年1158.9公斤2007年1171.1公斤2008年1250.5公斤2009年1342.8公斤年度平均产量（kg/亩）施氮量（kg/亩）PFPN（kg/kg）20071137.929.238.920081109.236.230.7平均值1123.632.734.8内蒙古超高产玉米田氮肥生产效率1、高产挖潜问题Mean=565.52Std.Dev=69.32N=52Mean=8.34Std.Dev=0.99N=52穗数×104plant/hm2频次FrequencyMean=201.42Std.Dev=25.44N=52平均值80%置信区间上限（下限）90%置信区间上限（下限）Mean=365.69Std.Dev=25.02N=52高产挖潜问题100010501100115012001250130035004000450050005500600065007000密度（株/亩）产量（kg/亩）样本数=52以增密为核心途径的结构性挖潜高产挖潜问题穗数级别（穗/hm2）地块数占总数（%）穗数（穗/hm2）穗粒数千粒重（g）穗粒重（g）实测产量（kg/hm2）60000-6750035.863565.5±2879.2637.2±71.4379.2±5.8241.0±21.315360.0±2013.867501-75000815.470422.0±1996.5607.3±45.8376.0±21.6228.1±18.916042.5±1109.775001～82500917.378648.0±1964.7600.9±56.8353.5±35.8219.5±17.616576.5±1211.482501～900001630.885827.0±2138.1569.2±59.6352.1±22.1199.7±16.417136.0±1367.090001-975001325.092815.5±2095.9519.4±38.4344.9±15.8179.0±13.816594.5±1131.49750035.898589.0±1323.3517.9±50.9341.2±27.3176.2±17.617379.0±1907.5合计5283406.9±9854.2565.5±69.3356.7±25.0201.4±25.416605.1±1328.5表12006~2009年亩产吨粮群体不同密度下的产量结构个体生产能力明显降低高产挖潜问题产量千粒重收获穗数穗粒数1.55**1.53**0.88**-0.36*-0.20*-1.07**(a)(b)图2内蒙古平原灌区超高产春玉米产量性状通径图穗粒重收获穗数穗粒数0.97**0.56**-0.41**-0.67*-0.13*-0.23*千粒重y=2.279x+106.48r=0.8364**y=0.3248x+291.28r=0.3302*300320340360380400420440150170190210230250270290穗粒重Grainweightperear（g）千粒重1000kernalsweight（g）0100200300400500600700800穗粒数Kernalsperear千粒重穗粒数春玉米亩产吨粮群体穗粒重与穗粒数、千粒重的关系子粒败育01002003004005006007008005000600070008000种植密度（株/亩）粒数散粉后建成子粒数成熟期实际穗粒数0.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.05000600070008000败育率（%）XD20ND314线性(ND314)线性(XD20)010020030040050060070080090010005000600070008000种植密度（株/亩）粒数散粉后建成子粒数成熟期实际穗粒数XD20ND314超高产高密条件下，密度增加，子粒败育明显加重；不同基因型间存在明显差异弱势粒灌浆010020030040050007142128354249强势粒干重(g/100粒)XD1′XD2′XD3′XD4′010020030040050007142128354249ND1′ND2′ND3′ND4′010020030040050007142128354249中势粒干重(g/100粒)XD1′XD2′XD3′XD4′010020030040050007142128354249ND1′ND2′ND3′ND4′010020030040007142128354249散粉后天数(d)弱势粒干重(g/100粒)XD1′XD2′XD3′XD4′010020030040007142128354249散粉后天数(d)ND1′ND2′ND3′ND4′不同粒位籽粒干物质积累动态19.31%14.66%20.36%23.61%20.91%20.61%4+X试验模式产量(kg/hm2)有效穗数(万株/hm2)穗粒数(粒)千粒重(g)LAIMAX粒叶比（粒/m-2）NH12441.90±134.16D5.82±0.083D652.5±28.98aA368.83±16.57A5.37±0.04707.18±26.77GCGX14647.20±283.78C7.04±0.092C621.88±30.58abAB361.93±4.06A6.31±0.11693.82±6.67ZGC15510.75±180.77B7.76±0.075B590.67±47.23bcAB362.83±17.56A7.16±0.36640.17±29.50ZGCGX18057.90±184.40A8.58±0.095A586.92±22.18bcAB361.13±8.47A7.39±0.27681.43±18.31模式产量(kg/hm2)有效穗数(万株/hm2)穗粒数(粒)千粒重(g)LAIMAX粒叶比（粒/m-2）NH12439.2±352.45.67±0.20595.73±20.97356.37±2.555.15±0.32656.06±7.96GCGX13863.0±228.26.93±0.09564.41±22.44327.13±5.466.2±0.09630.86±60.67ZGC14227.8±673.57.59±0.23542.78±8.56329.83±4.906.61±0.44623.16±19.45ZGCGX15860.5±295.58.63±0.12540.81±7.67331.87±7.077.27±0.22642.22±24.862009年4+X试验产量及其构成因素2010年4+X试验产量及其构成因素限制因子1：因个体库容降低导致的群体库限制是超高产产量挖潜的限制因子之一。（徐庆章，1994）1.551.75RelativetimeRelativeLAI0.00.20.40.50.70.91.10.00.20.40.50.70.91.1y=(0.0098+0.7015x)/(1-2.5513x+2.6293x2)r=0.9963超高产春玉米相对化LAI动态模型RelativetimeRelativeLAI0.00.20.40.50.70.91.10.00.20.40.50.70.91.1y=(0.0098+0.7015x)/(1-2.5513x+2.6293x2)r=0.9963RelativetimeRelativeLAI0.00.20.40.50.70.91.10.00.20.40.50.70.91.1y=(0.0098+0.7015x)/(1-2.5513x+2.6293x2)r=0.9963超高产春玉米相对化LAI动态模型高产挖潜问题MLAI=5；LAImax6.5LAIh3.5超高产群体合理的库/源？库容量？高产挖潜问题年份Year栽培法Cultivationmethod转运量Amountoftranslocation（kg/ha）转运率Translocationrate（%）叶Leaf茎Stalk茎叶LeafandStalk叶Leaf茎Stalk茎叶LeafandStalk2009CK1155.0±21.10aA1406.3±43.12bA2561.3±25.66bA20.618.619.5SHY1274.5±30.28aA1565.1±29.34aA2839.5±30.35aA20.118.018.92010CK1152.3±14.32aA1606.5±21.98bB2759.3±37.62bA23.719.220.8SHY1262.7±23.00aA1698.3±35.66aA2961.0±26.11aA22.318.519.9限制因子2：超高产群体后期茎叶物质转运率明显降低——生长冗余超高产春玉米干物质转运高产挖潜问题•群体性能明显增强不同密度高产春玉米群体“三合结构”参数光合性能参数photosyntheticparameter产量构成参数Yieldcomponent二级参数Secondaryparameter品种Cultivar密度Plantpopulation(104planthm-2)MLAIDMNARHIENGNGWMCGRTGN产量Yield(kghm-2)浚单207.503.75b1377.05a0.446.71709.8a334.5a26.4c4761.9b13537.6b8.254.18b1376.97a0.447.84703.6a318.0b29.1b5516.2a14908.4ab9.005.19a1376.42b0.408.82656.6b317.8b33.3a5794.2a15649.8aAverage4.371376.810.437.79690.0323.429.65357.414698.6内单3147.503.38c1377.20a0.527.07657.0a370.8a24.4a4645.1a14640.0a8.254.24b1375.90a0.527.81614.6a369.6a25.0a4800.3a15081.7a9.005.74a1374.60b0.508.56580.2a365.2a26.4a4965.3b15413.0aAverage4.461375.900.517.81617.3368.525.34803.615044.9京单287.503.45c1376.55a0.497.33491.8a422.9a22.6b3602.6c12950.1b8.254.63b1375.16b0.497.91485.8a416.7b23.9b3841.6b13607.4ab9.005.41a1374.88b0.488.83482.4a408.6b26.4a4258.6a14789.2aAverage4.501375.530.498.02486.6416.124.33901.013782.3MLAIMCGRHIMNARENTGNGNGWMCGRPearsonCorrelation0.407Sig.(2-tailed)0.189HIPearsonCorrelation-0.158-0.842**Sig.(2