欧洲文化论文

欧洲文化论文RomanticliteratureinChinaandWesternRomanticliteraturehashadaveryimportantpositioninthehistoryoftheworldliterature,peopleexpresstheirvisionforthefutureintheirworkswhicharefullofromanticism.Westernromanticliteratureismainlyproducedinthe1920s,it’sanimportantliterarygenrein19thcentury,anditsorigingoesbacktoancientGreece.RomanticisminChinaiscenturiesearlierthantheWest.Eventhoughmanytheoreticalsystemsarenotperfect,itsinfluencethroughoutthehistoryofChineseliteratureisindelible.Themaincharacteristicofromanticliteratureistoexpressfeelingsandthevisionforthefuture.Similarly,alltheromanticwritersshowthevisionforthefuture,butatthesametimeeachofthemhavecharacteristicfeaturesofthetimesandthecountrydomain.（a）SocialIdeal—AnidealsocietyFromtheQinDynasty,Chinesebeganshowtheirvisionfortheidealsociety.QuYuanshowedhisdesireforthebetterworld;TaoYuanmingdescribedthepeoplewholiveahappyandcontentlifeinthesecludedresortparadise,theydidn’taskgovernmentaffairs;Libai–anoutstandingrepresentativeofChineseromanticliterature,onceexpressedhisdreamfortheidlelife.TheRenaissance,theFrenchwriterFrancoisRabelais,inhisnovelGiantbiography,showedpeopleTeraiU.S.convent,reflectsthethetimeintheRenaissance,therisingbourgeoisie’svisionforthebetter,peaceful,happylife;theGermanauthorGoethealsoshowedthevisionfortheidlesocietyintheFaustalsoexpresstheEnlightmentthinker’dream.WecansaythattheChinesewritersdescribedtheidealsocietyisaworldofparadise,andnospecificshow;theWesternwritersdescribedtheidealsocietyisbasedonreality.Eventhoughtheyalsodescribedthefutureworld,buttheydescribedspecificlyandclearly.Thisisbecauseofthetimes.ThanChinawasinthechargeoffeudalsociety,thecommunityislimited,lackofadvancedideastoguide,soitisdifficultforthewriterstodescribedtheromanticismfuture,buttousethespecialwaytoexpressthesocietyintheirmind.Onthecontrary,theWesternsocietywassoadvanced,theyhadadvancedideastoguidethem,theycangiveconcreteexpressiontotheidealsociety,andthenreaderscanreceivegreatencouragementafterreading.(b)TheIdealLife—Thesupernaturalfantasyandfranktortuousdirectpursuitofself-confidenceMostoftheideallifeWesternwritersdescribedisaboutthehappinessoftheindividualsubject.InRenaissance,theyweremostlyseekingpersonalliberation,loveandmaritalhappiness.InShakespeare’searlyworks,alotofthemesareaboutthelifeandlove.Inthenineteenthcentury,thispursuitofpersonalidealsofloveandhappyloveandlifeisgraduallysublimatedintoananti-feudal,idealforthecauseoffreedom.InShelley’spoemIslamicuprising,therevolutionarycoupleLeonandXiSinaisatypicalrepresentativeoftheimage.TheideallifeChinesewritersdescribedarenotaboutlove,buttodescribethehumanrelations.ThisisnottosaythattheChineseliteratiideallifewaswithoutlove,therearesomanyfamousworksdescribedlovestories,butinthelovestoriesalsohavetheresistingtopursuitoffame.SuchasPeonyPavilion,MotherhoodandTheWesternChamber.InTheWesternChamber,YingYing’smotherdonotagreeYingYingmarriedZhanguntilthescholarZhangwhohaspassedtheexam.Thereforetheloveintheideallife,theWestern’sinfluenceisfurtherthanChinese.ThatisbecauseinChinesefeudalsociety,loveandmarriagehavealwaysbeenchargedbytheparents,matchmakerarranged,youngmenandwomencontrolledthefeudalsystemandideologyofrepression,almosthavenorighttofallinlovefreely.SoinancientChineseliterature,therearelessworksaboutfreelove.Inaddition,notonlycontentandthethemeoftheideallifedifferentformtheWesternworks,butalsothewriters’expressionsoftheideallifeisquitedifferent.Idealworks’performanceismoresubtletwistsandturns,oftenadoptingsupernaturalway,fullofromanticism.Someusedtobreaktheboundariesoftheromanticwayoflifeanddeath,sothatmaleandfemalecouplescannotbetogetherwhentheyarealive,buttheycanbehappyafterdeath,suchasTangXianzu’sThePeonyPavilion.Someworksbyaddingafantasyattheendtoexpressthepeople’spursuitofhappiness,suchasMotherhood.Someworksaimtohelptheweakthroughthepowerofghost,inordertoachievetheideallifewhichareinpeople’sminds,likeGuanHanqing’sSnowinMidsummer.TheWesternworkswhichshowedtheideallifearemoredirectly.Theheroisalsofullofconfidencetofightforfreedomandhappinessoftheindividualidealsinlife.WesternwritersaredifferentfromChinesewritersinmanifestations,andwerenotinseparablefromthetimeswhentheylive.BecauseChinesecapitalismdidn’tdevelop,thefeudalsocietywasoppressiononpeople,afetteronpeoplepursuitoftheideallife,sopeoplehadtotakethosetwistsubtlewaytoexpresstheiridealsinlife.TheWesternromanticwriterslivedinatimewhenfeudalismwerelost,andthecapitalismdeveloped,thewriterwasconfidenttoovercomethefeudalforces,andliveabetterlifeforthefuture,sothattheycanusestraightforward,boldstrokestowarmtheblueprintforbuildingabetterlife.(c)TheidealfigureSupermanwithsinglecharacterandordinarypeoplewithindividualcharacteridealofromanticfiguresinWesternliteraturecanbebroadlyclassifiedintothreetypes:1positiverebelliousheroTheyarepositiveandfullofenthusiasmandstrengthineverything.InGoethe’sFaust,theheroinordertogetridoftheexistinglife,topursuitofhighergoals,contractingwiththedevildared,althoughfinallyendedinfailure,butstillshowtheirHeroiccourage.Italsoshowedth