大三美国文学笔记整理3(完整)

NathanielHawthorne霍桑Imbuedwithaninquiring,imagination,anintenselymeditativemid,unceasinginterestintheinterioroftheheartofman'sbeing,霍桑remainsoneofthemostinteresting,yetmostambivalentwritersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.霍桑是美国文学史上最富矛盾情感的作家，他极富想象，喜欢沉思，对人类的内心世界具有极大的兴趣。霍桑'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inpuritanism.霍桑'sremarkablesenseofthePuritanpast,hisunderstandingofthecolonialhistoryinNewEngland,hisapparentoccupationwiththemoralissuesofsinandguilty,andhiskeenpsychologicalanalysisofpeoplearebroughttofulldisplayinhismasterpiece.霍桑对清教的历史，对新英格兰殖民地历史上理解，对罪恶道德上剖析以及对之的心理分析，在他的名著TheScarletLetter中得到了充分的体现。TheMinister'sBlackVeil,theparableby霍桑,publishedinTheToken1836andinTwice-ToldTales1837.ThereverendMr.Hooper,aNewEnglandPuritanminister,appearsoneSundaywithhisfacecoveredbyablackveil.Refusingtoexplainhisactiontohisterrifiedcongregationortohisfiancee,wholeaveshim,hegoesthroughlifeconcealinghisface,sayingonlythattheveilisasymbolofthecurtainthathideseveryman'sheartandmakeshimastrangereventohisfriend,hislover,andhisGod.Excelsior,poembyLongfellow,publishedinBalladsandOtherPoems1841.Infour-stressiambiccollplets,withthetitleasarefrain,thepoemfigurativelydepictsthelifeofamanofgenius,ashemaintainshisindividualisticpurpose,resistingtemptationsandignoringwarnings.Climbingthemountainofhiscareer,hepassedbeyondthevillageandmonastery,repeatinghisidealisticmotto,untilheisfounddeadonthehighestglacier.Eventhenavoiceheardfromthesleyproclaimingthemottoasapromiseofimmortality.ExcelsiorDiscussthemoralofthisparablepoem.--immortality,brave,resistthetempurition.Eveniftheyoungmanisbrave,determined,andtheyoungtriedtogethisgoal,toreachthedestination,butitispitythattheyoungdidn'tlistentotheoldman.Ifhewantedtogethisgoalwithoutconsideringthedifficultiesandrisks.TheQuadroonGirlHowdoesthepoetshowhissympathyforthegirl?Thegirlisveryimportant,shedidn'tknowwhatwouldhappen.Shehadnoprotection.Suchinnocentandpalegirlcouldnotcontrolnotbeaparamourofherfate.BalladsandOtherPoems1841containsmanyLongfellow'smostfamouspoem,ofallthepoemsinthecolume,themostfamousoneisExcelsior.Itwasregardedasaninspiringexpressionofidealism.ItisayoungmanclimbingamountainintheAlps.Aterriblestormiscomingbutheneverstops.Whenheisinvitedbyabeautifulmaidentorest,hedoesnotstopandclimbsontothetopofthemountains.EdgarAllanPoeAnnabelLee,alyricalballad,post-humouslypublishedintheNewYorkTribune.Insixstamzasofalternativefourandthreestresslines,thepoemevokesamoodorfeelingratherthantellingastory.Thefeelingthepoetdealswithinthelossoflove.Itisalovethatismorethanlove.Suchexaggerationoccupies.Anessentialpartofthepoem:lyricpoem:alyricpoemexpressestheobservationandfeelingsofasinglespeaker.Typesoflyricsincludetheelegy,theodeandthesonnet.Anarrativepoemtellsastoryinverse.Foot,adivisionorunitofverse,eachwith1strongstressor1ormoreweakstresses.Alineofpoetryisdescribedasiambic抑扬,trechoic扬抑,anapaestic抑抑扬,ordaclylic扬抑抑accordingtowhatkindoffootappearsmostoftenintheline.EmilyDickinsonDickinson'spoetrywritingbeganintheearly1850s.Altogethershewrite1775poems,ofwhichonly7hadappearedduringherlifetime.Dickinsoncalledthisstreamoftiny,aphoristicpoemsacontinuousfragmentedLettertotheworldawaytobridgeherprivateworldwiththepublic.Sheisnowrecognized,notonlyasagreatpoetessesonherownrightbutasapoetessofconsiderableinfluenceuponAmericanpoetryofthe20thcentury.Dickinson'spoemsareusuallybasedonherownexperience,hersorrowandjoys.ButwithinherlittlelyricsDaddressesthoseissuesthatconcernthewholehumanbeings,whichincludereligion,death,immortality,loveandnative.LoveisanothersubjectDdwelton,onegroupofherlovepoemsthreadsthesufferingsandfrustrationlovecancause.Thesepoemsaredearlythereflectionsofherownunhappyexperiencecloselyrelatedtoherdeepestandmostprivatefeelings.MorethanfivehundredpoemsDwroteareaboutnature,inwhichhergeneralskepticismabouttherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureiswell-expressed.Theme:commonpeoplearereallyheroism,buttheystillremainhonesty,humbleandnevershowoff.SisterCarrie:theselectedreadingisthelastchapterofthenovel.AfterCarriedesertsHurstwood,heisingreatdespair.Feebleandpenniless,Hunstwoodwandersinacoldwinternightnobodytryingtohelp.Extremelyhopelessandtotallydevaluated,heturnsthegasoninacheaplodginghouseandendshislife,whileatthesametimeCarieisrockingcomfortablyinherluxurianthotelroombeforesheboardsashipforLondon.ThemainthemeofTheAdventure’sofHuckleberryFinnisHuck’ssearchforpersonalliberation,forthefreedombaseduponhismaturityandhislongingtohisownmaster.EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)Dickinson’spoetrywritingbeganintheearly1850s.Altogether,shewrote1775poems,ofwhichonlysevenhadappearedduringthelifetime.Dickinsoncalledhisstreamoftiny,aphoristicpoemsacontinuousfragmented”lettertotheworld”awaytobridgeherprivateworldwiththepublic.Sheisnowrecognized,notonlyasagreatpoetessesonherownrightbutasapoetessofconsiderableinfluenceuponAmericanpoetryofthe20thcentury.WaltWhitman(华尔特.惠特曼)songofmyself-----hislongestpoetry----1346lines1.IHearAmericaSingingStructure:自由诗（非押韵）FreeVerseQ:(1).Analyzehowthetotaleffectofthepoemisachieved,especiallyth