英美概况

ThepostworldwarⅡperiod(1945-1989)英语112高婷程刚夏娟娟张婷婷王娟1.TheColdWarIntroductionAsaworldpowerafterWorldWar2,USforeighpolicychangedfromisolationintointerventiontomaintainthebalance_of_power.Moreandmoreittendedtoactastheworld’spoliceman.Military•Itmainlycombinedby“ColdWar”and“HotWar”•“HotWar”meansactualfighting.•“ColdWar”,atermpopularizedbyChurchill（丘吉尔）in1946,Meansalternativeformsofwarfarethatrelyonlimitedviolenceandideological,economicandpoliticalmethods.美苏争霸冷战具体化•Itdevidedintothefollowingthreestages•第一阶段：The1950sto60s.ThisstagetheUnitedStateswiththecomprehensivenationalstrength,especiallytheadvantageofmilitarystrengthstrategicadvantageoccupytypicalexampleisforcingtheSovietunionwithdrewinCubamissile.。•第二阶段：From60sto80softheSovietunion.ThisstageisthefeatureofstrongexpansiontheUnitedStatesisinthestrategicdefensive.•第三阶段：Inthemiddleofthe80s.tothecollapseoftheSovietunion,ThisonephasecharacteristicistheUnitedStatestoregainadvantage,andtheSovietunionisoverallcontraction.•冷战时期全球形势a.TheContainmentPolicy(遏制政策）Purpose:1TheUSdecidedtopreventtheexpansionofCommunism.2ToblocktheSoevietefforttoflowinto“everynookandcrannyavailabletoitinthebasinoftheworld”Andin1949,America,CanadaandtenEuropeancountiesjoinedtheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrgannization(NATO).•b.1947TrumanDoctrine杜鲁门主义•C.MarsallPlan:1.revitalizedtheeconomyofWesternEurope•2.cutthestrengthoftheWesternEuropeanCommunistParties•d.In1949CanadaAmericaandtenEuropeancountriesjoinedtheNorthAtlanticTreadyOrganization9（NATO北大西洋公约组织（北约1949）美国为首)e)RichaedNixonandDétente国际紧张关系的缓和1.1971，KissingervisitedChina2.1972,NixonvisitedChina3.1977,theestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenChinaandAmericaHotWar•TheKoreanWar朝鲜战争•TheRedScareandMcCarthyism红色恐怖和麦卡锡主义•TheCubanMissileCrisis古巴导弹危机•TheVietnamWar越南战争•ThePersianGulfWar(GulfWar)海湾战争a)TheKoreanWar(1950-1953)朝鲜战争•a.TrumansentAmericantroopstoreinforcethesouth.•b.ChinadispatchedtheChinesePeople’sVolenteerstoNorthKorea•c.1953,KoreawasdividingintoNorthandSouthKoreab)TheRedScareandMcCarthyism麦卡锡主义1)Execu1tiveorder2)Un_AmericanActivitiesInthispart,Truman’sactionwereintendedintodeprivetheRepublicanofthepoliticalissueofcomunisminAmerica.c)JohnKennedy(1961-1963)andtheCubanMissileCrisis肯尼迪和古巴导弹危机•JohnKennedy:continuedthecontainmentpolicyandredesugened（重新制定）theforeignaidprogram•hopedtoincreaseAmerica’sinfluenceintheworldd)TheVietnamwarAmerica’sinvolvementactuallybeganin1954whentheFrenchcolonistsweredefeatedbytheVietnamesecommunistforcesledbyHoChiMinh.WhenRichardNixonbecamepresident(1969_1974),hedecidedtoendthewarthroughapolicycalled“Vietnaization”(战争越南化）.4ThePersianGulfWar海湾战争TheinvolvementoftheUnitedStatesintheturbulentpoliticsofthemoddleEastaftertheColdwarperiodisagoodexampletoshowthatAmericawillcontinuetouseitsactivitiesnottofightcommunismbuttodefenditseconomicinterests.2DomestiocIssues国内政策Inthispart,Truman’sactionwereintendedintodeprivetheRepublicanofthepoliticalissueofcomunisminAmerica.TheEconomy：1）economicgrowthgreatly2）Stagflation滞胀ThePolicy:1)TheCivilRightsMovement:fightforequality.民权运动2)TheWomen’sRight:struggleforequalityforwomen.女权运动3)ProgressivesintheWhiteHouse政府改革•4）TheWatergateScandal:oneofthebiggestpoliticalscandalsinthehistory水门事件又叫水门丑闻•5)RONALDREAGAN：THEREAGANREVOLUTION里根改革•TheCulture:YouthCultureTheEconomic•AftertheWorldWarII,Americaneconomysuddenlygrowth.Inthecapitalistworld,economyhascomprehensiveadvantages.USandSoviet•USforeignpoliticalpolicychangedfromisolationintointerventiontomaintainthebalance–of–power.Moreandmoreittendedtoactastheworld’spoliceman.•TheSovietUnionwasdeterminedtocreateabufferzonebyestablishingfriendlyneighborsinordertopreventinvasionfromtheWestandtoconcentrateoninternaleconomicdevelopment.•Thefederalgovernmentmeddlingintheeconomy.•Afterthewar,theUnitedStatesgovernmentmeddlingintheeconomyisnottaketheindustrialnationalizedform,buttheuseoffiscalandfinancialmeanstointervenecapitalistreproduction.•Newfeatures:•1)from50~60s,theU.S.economicgrowthappearedanewphenomenonwhicharecalledthegoldenage.•2theUnitedStateseconomicdevelopmentcenterofgravitygraduallytransferstothewestandsouthtransfer.•3)themodernmultinationalcompanyrisesintheUnitedStates.Multinationalcompanieshavebeenappearedinthe20thcentury.Afterthewar,themodernmultinationalcompanyfirstunprecedenteddevelopedintheUnitedStates.ItplayedadecisiveroleinAmericanandtheworldeconomicdevelopment.•4)theAmericaneconomiccrisisreducedrapidly.Factors：•1）massivefederalexpenditures•2）duetothetensionsgeneratedbytheColdWar•3)Military-relatedreserchStagflation滞胀•1960’s-early1970’s•Factors:1)theVitenamWarandAmerica’slossoftechnologicalsuperiority•2)massiveaidtheUSsentEastThePolicy•1)CivilRightsMovement:fightforequality.民权运动•Time:1950’sto1960’s•2)TheWomen’sRight:struggleforequalityforwomen.女权运动•theBlackMovementencouragedtheWomen’sRights•3)ProgressivesintheWhiteHouse1961-1969政府改革•4）TheWatergateScandal:oneofthebiggestpoliticalscandalsinthehistory水门事件又叫水门丑闻•在1972年的总统大选中，时任的美国共和党总统尼克松为了竞选连任，利用总统的职权之便，动用了“国家机器”介入选举，以CIA退休干员对竞选对手进行监听，取得了民主党内部竞选策略的情报。•5)RONALDREAGAN：THEREAGANREVOLUTION里根改革•Hisforeig