UNIT4让步状语从句

让步状语从句通常用though,although,nomatter,evenif,if,eventhough,however,whatever等引起。△让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。1．although和though引导的让步状语从句：①两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：Hedidn’tlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold.②although比though较正式，语气较重，常用于强调让步概念，如：HeinsistedondoingitalthoughIwarnedhimnotto.③though可以和even连用，但although不可以，如：Although(Eventhough)thetrafficheldusup,wegottotheairportontime.④当让步状语从句是指一种假设的情况，不指事实时，通常用though，而不用although，如：Hewillneverdosuchathingthoughhe(should)beforcedto.Thoughalltheworldwereagainstme,Ishallstillholdtomyopinion.⑤though可以在非正式文体中用作连接性状语，而although则不行。（though可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如：Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidn’t,though.⑥though引导的从句可用倒装语序（即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前），而although不能这样用，如：Youngthoughsheis,yetsheisfitforthejob.(=Youngassheis,…)⑦有时可用副词yet,still,nevertheless(但不能用连词but)来配合连接词though或although，以加强语气，如：Thoughheisoverseventy,yet/still/neverthelesshecanridethebike.⑧though和although后面的主语和谓语动词be可以省略，如果这个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如：Though(itwas)cold,itwasafinewintermorning.Though(hewas)severelywounded,yetherefusedtoleavethebattlefield.Though(theywere)verytired,theycontinuedtomarchon.2．evenif,eventhough和if引导的让步状语从句：△evenif与eventhough同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：I’lldoit,evenifittakesmealltheafternoon.Hewasthereevenifwedidn’tseehim.Evenifyoufail,youcantryagain.I’llhelpyou,evenifIdon’tsleepforanight.注：if有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if与让步if的区别，试比较：Ifheispoor,howcanhebuythehouse?(条件)Ifheispoor,heisatleasthonest.(让步)(=evenif)Ifheisinexperienced,hewon’tbeabletoaccomplishit.(条件)Ifheisinexperienced,heisatanyrateeagertolearn.(让步)(=evenif)IfJohnhadbeenthere,Iwouldhaveseenhim.(条件)IfJohnwasthere,Ididn’tseehim.(让步)(=evenif)3．由as,that,though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用as引导让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（though,that与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：①表语的倒装：Tiredashewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.OldasIam,Icanstillfight.Cleverasyoumaybe,youcannotdothat.Tallas/thoughhewas,hecouldn’treachthetopshelf.Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.②状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very,much等修饰语）MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.Muchashelikesthebike,hedoesn’twanttobuyit.HardasIstudied,Icouldnotcatchupwiththem.③谓语动词的倒装：Tryashewould,hecouldnotrememberawordofit.(=Nomatterhowhewouldtry…)Tryashemight,hedidn’tpasstheexam.Hatehimaswemay,wemustadmithisgreatness.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothingintheroom.Tryasyoumay,youwillneversucceed.注意事项：①如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：TeacherasMichaelis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.Childas/thathewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.Youngestasheisinourclass,hespeaksEnglishthebest.Childasheis,heknowsmuch.②as从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当as从句置于句首时，主句前可加yet，如：Mary,braveassheis,isafraidofsnakes.Hewasunabletomakemuchprogress,hardashetried.Richasheis,(yet)Idon’tenvyhim.③当作表语的形容词提前时，如果从句的主语是人称代词，那么它只能放在动词之前；如果从句的主语是名词，则可用倒装语序，也可用陈述语序，如：Tiredasweretheworkers,theydidnotstop.Cleverthough/asyoumaybe,youcan’tdothat.④as从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如：Childasheis,hewasbrave.⑤注意区别as引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：Lawyerasheis,heexplainsthereasonclearly.(原因从句)Lawyerasheis,hecan’texplainthereasonveryclearly.(让步从句)4．eventhough和thougheventhough(=evenif)引导的从句指把握不大或假设的事情，意为“即使”、“纵然”；though引导的从句指事实，意为“尽管”、“虽然”，例如：Hewillnotrevealthesecret,eventhoughheknowsit.(可能知道，也可能不知道。)Hewillnotrevealthesecretthoughheknowsit.(虽然知道，却不说出来。)5．while引导的让步状语从句：while(=although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如：Whileyoumayberight,Ican’taltogetheragree.WhileIadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idon’tagreethattheycannotbesolved.注意比较下列各句：WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.(让步)WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Ican’tagreewithyou.(让步)WhileIwasreading,thelightwentout.(时间)Motionisabsolutewhilestagnationisrelative.(转折、对比)Heisidle,whilehisbrotherisdiligent.(转折、对比)6．whether…or…引导的让步状语从句：△这种从句也称“选择条件-让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前或之后，如：Whetherhedrivesor(whetherhe)flies,hewillbehereontime.Whetheryoulikeitornot,you’llhavetodoit.Whetherornotitrains,I’mgivingapartytomorrow.Weholdthatallcountries,(whethertheyare)bigorsmall,(whethertheyare)richorpoor,shouldbeequal.Whetheritrainsorsnows,Iwillgotonight.Shehadtogo,whetherornotshewantedit.7．由连接代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever引导的让步状语从句：Whoever(=nomatterwho)isunwillingtogo,Iwillgo.(whoever既相当于连接词短语nomatter连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词who)Whomever(=nomatterwhom)youaredealingwith,thismethodisnogood.Whatever(=nomatterwhat)happens,keepcalm.Whateverothersmaysay,youarecertainlyright.Whichever(=nomatterwhich)youchoose,wehavenoobjection.8．由连接形容词whatever或whichever引导的让步状语从句，如：Whatever(=nomatterwhat)difficultiesmayarise,wemustandcanovercomethemonebyone.(whatever既相当于nomatter连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词what修饰名词difficulties。)Whichever(=nomatterwhich)roomisassignedtohim,hewillhavenoobjection.Whichevermethodyouuse,theresultismuchthesame.9．由连接副词however,wherever或whenever引导的让步状语从句。例如：However(=nomatterhow)difficultthetaskmaybe,wewillfulfilitontime.(however既相当于nomatter连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副词how修饰difficult。)Wherever(=nomatterwhere)theywent,theywerewarmlywelcomed.WheneverI’munhappy,hecheersmeup.ThedogfollowsmewhereverIgo.10．注意以上几种结构的省略形式：Howeverdifficultthetask(maybe),itwillbefulfilledontime.Howevergreatthedifficulties(maybe),wewillne