广东药学院教师课堂教学讲稿-系统解剖学(英文)

第1页共181页广东药学院教师课堂教学讲稿课程系统解剖学专业临床医学、预防医学教师曾明辉班级双语班人体解剖学双语教学班讲稿（曾明辉编写）第2页共181页IntroductionofHumanAnatomy人体解剖学绪论1.Whatishumananatomy?Humananatomy(人体解剖学)isthesubjectwhichstudiestheshape,structureandspatialinterrelationsoforgansofnormalhumanbody.Humananatomyisanimportantbasiccourseofmedicine.2.Classificationofhumananatomy:Humananatomyisgenerallyclassifiedintogrossanatomy(大体解剖学),microscopicanatomy(显微解剖学,histology),developmentalanatomy(成长解剖学),radiographicanatomy(放射解剖学)andclinicalanatomy(临床解剖学)etc.Grossanatomyissubdividedinto①systematicanatomy(系统解剖学)and②regionalanatomy(局部解剖学).Systematicanatomytakesthesystemsofhumanbody(suchaslocomotorsystem,alimentarysystemetc.)asstudyunitsandstudiestheshapeandstructuresoftheorgansofthebodysystembysystem.Thereareninesystemsinhumanbody:(1)locomotorsystem(运动系统),(2)alimentary(digestive)system(消化系统),(3)respiratorysystem(呼吸系统),(4)urinarysystem(泌尿系统),(5)Reproductive(genital)system(生殖系统),(6)endocrinesystem(内分泌系统),(7)circulatorysystem(循环系统,angiology),(8)nervoussystem(神经系统),(9)sensoryorgans(感觉器官).Regionalanatomytakesregions(suchasinguinalregionetc.)orareasasstudyunitsandstudiestheshapeandspatialinterrelationsoftheorgansorstructuresofthebodyregionbyregion.3.ThepartsofhumanbodyThehumanbodyisdividedintothetrunk,head,neck,upperlimbsandlowerlimbs.Theupperandlowerpartsofanterioraspectoftrunkisrespectivelycalledthorakandabdomen,whiletheupperandlowerpartsofposteioraspectoftrunkisrespectivelycalledbackandlumbar.Theposteriorpartofneckiscallednucha.Theupperlimbisdividedintoshoulder,arm,forearmandhand,theupperlimbisdividedintogluteus,thigh,legandfoot.4.Theanatomicaltermsusedoften:(1)Anatomicalposition(解剖姿势)：①Thebodystandsuperectly;②Thefaceisdirectedforward,theeyesseeforwardhorizontally;③Theheelsandtoesareclosedtogether,thetipsoffeetaredirectedforward;④Theupperlimbshangbythesidesofthebody;⑤Thepalmsofthehandsfaceforward.(2)Therelationalplanes:①Sagittalplane（矢状切面）:Itistheplanethatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltoitsanteriorsurfaceanddividesthebodyintoleftandrightparts.Themediansagittalplane(正中矢状切面):Itistheplanethatpassesthroughthemidlineofthebodyanddividesthebodyintosymmetricalleftandrightparts.②Coronal(frontal)plane冠状面(额状面):ItistheplanethatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltotheThelectureforbilingualteachingclassesofhumananatomy(writtenbyzengminghui)第3页共181页sagittalplaneanddividesthebodyintoanteriorandposteriorparts.③Horizontal(transverse)plane水平面(横切面):Ittheplanethatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltobothsigittalandcoronalplanesanddividesthebodyintosuperiorandinferiorparts.Transverseandlongitudinalplanesforoneorgan:①transverseplane(横切面):Itistheplanethatisverticaltolongaxisoftheorgan.②longitudinalplane(纵切面):Itistheplanethatparallelstolongaxisoftheorgan.(3)Anatomicaldirections:①Anterior(ventral)前(腹侧):Itmeansnearerthefrontsurfaceofthebody.②Posterior(dorsal)后(背侧):Itmeansnearerthebacksurfaceofthebody.③Superior(上):Itmeansnearerthetopoftheheadorupperpartofastructureorthebody.④Inferior(下):Itmeansnearerthesolesofthefeetorthelowerpartofastructureorthebody.Sometimesinthetrunk,cranial(颅侧)isusedinsteadofsuperior,andcaudal(尾侧)insteadofinferior.⑤Medial(内侧):Itmeansnearertothemediansagittalplane.⑥Lateral(外侧):Itmeansfartherfromthemediansagittalplane.⑦Internal(内):Itmeansnearertothecenterofaholloworganorbodycavity.⑧external(外):Itmeansfartherfromthecenterofaholloworganorbodycavity.⑨Superficial(浅):Itmeansnearertothesurfaceofthebody.⑩deep(深):Itmeansfartherfromthesurfaceofthebody.Proximal(近侧)isusedtoindicatenearertotherootorattachedendofalimb.Distal(远侧)isusedtoindicatefartherfromtherootorattachedendofalimb.(4)Theaxisofthebody:①Thesagittalaxis(矢状轴):Itistheaxisthatpassesanteroposteriorlythroughthebodyandisverticaltoitsanteriorsurface,andparalleltosagittalplane.②Thecoronalaxis(冠状轴):Itistheaxisthatpassesright-leftthroughthebodyverticaltothesagittalaxis,andparalleltocoronalplane.③Theverticalaxis(垂直轴):Itistheaxisthatpassesthroughthebodyverticaltotheearthsurface,andverticaltothecoronalaxisandthesagittalaxis.人体解剖学双语教学班讲稿（曾明辉编写）第4页共181页PartⅠTheLocomotorSystem运动系统Thelocomotorsystemincludesthreeparts:①bones(骨),②joints(关节)and③muscles(肌肉).Theindividualbonesofthebodyarelinkedtogetherbyjointstoformtheskeleton(骨骼).Thefunctionsoflocomotorsysteminclude:①toprovideaframeworkforthebody;②movement;③toprotectimportantorganssuchasbrain,heart,lungs,andliveretc.;④tobeastorehouseofminerals,suchascalcium,phosphorusetc.;⑤toformbloodcells.Skeletalmusclesareattachedtobonesandextendacrossjoints.Whencontracting,theyexertforceonthebonesandcausemovements.ChapterⅠ.Osteology骨学SectionⅠ.TheGeneralDescriptionofOsteology骨学总论Thereare206bonesinadult(includingthesixauditoryossicles听小骨).Eachboneisanorgan.Boneishardandresilient.Itpossessestheabilityofrepairing(修复),regeneration(再生)andreconstruction(重建).Thebonesofhumanbodycanbedividedintotheskull(颅骨),thebonesofthetrunk(躯干骨)andtheappendicularbones(附肢骨).1.TheShapeandClassificationofBonesAccordingtotheirshape,thebonesareclassifiedintofourtypes:longbones(长骨),shortbones(短骨),flatbones(扁骨)andirregularbones(不规则骨).shapeofbonelongbones(长骨)shortbones