试讲-英语定语从句详解

定语从句TheAttributiveclause定语从句定语在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语用来对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。前置定语后置定语单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。定语从句定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。如：1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。关系词/引导词先行词引导定语从句的词叫关系词被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词先行词=关系词/引导词Thisisthebikewhichmyfatherboughtforme.which代替bike定语从句引导词关系代词关系副词关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：when,where,why引导词的作用1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词在从句中的位置3、在定语从句中担当一个成分关系代词的基本用法关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分省略否who人主语、宾语关系代词在句中作宾语时可以省略whom人宾语whose人/事定语that人/物主语、宾语、表语which事/物主语、宾语、表语as人/物/事主语、宾语、表语关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.关系代词引导的定语从句3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1)Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)(2)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?(在句子中做宾语)关系代词引导的定语从句5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?that和which的区别11、下面情况不用that:①介词后面：Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalkingnow．②非限制性定语从句中：Tomstudieshardandisreadytohelpothers,whichhisparentsexpect.③当先行词本身是that时：What’sthatwhichisflyinginthesky?④先行词后有插入语时：HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI’vetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.that和which的区别22、下面情况只用that不用which和whom:①先行词为much,little,none,someone,something,anything,all,theone等不定代词。Iwatchedalltheglassesthatwereonthetablefalloffthetable.②先行词有序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰。Theparksaretheclearestparksthatyoucanimagine．③先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,just等词修饰。CornwasnottheonlyfoodthatwastakentoEurope．④先行词既有人，也有物。Theytalkedaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremembered.that和which的区别2⑤以who/which开头的疑问句。Whoisthepersonthatyoujusttalkedwith?⑥先行词在主句中作表语关系词，在从句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitwas5yearsago.⑦在therebe句型中，指物只用that。Therearemanyapplesthatareverydelicious.⑧先行词是theway或thereason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略。Thereasonisthatheisunabletooperatethemachine.as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.as和which引导的定语从句2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.as和which引导的定语从句3.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用as(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导1.介词的选用原则：(1)根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8dollars.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8dollars.(2)根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。IrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.IrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedthere介词+关系代词引导的定语从句2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)不可用who/that(2)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)不可用inthat3.当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用which/that(指物),who/whom/that(指人)作从句中介词的宾语.而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。(1)Dadisaperson(whom/who/that)Icaneasilytalkto.(2)Isthistheplay(which/that)youweretalkingaboutjustnow?介词+关系代词引导的定语从句4.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)5.先行词是theway，意为“方式，方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词用that/inwhich或省略。(1)Ididn‘tliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome(2)Theway(that/inwhich)heteachesEnglishisinteresting.6.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词。(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.关系副词的基本用法关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分省略否when时间(物)时间状语不可省略where地点(物)地点状语why原因(物)原因状语关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=forwhichwhere=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)when=during/on/in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)关系副词的基本用法1.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.2.when引导定语从句表示时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.[注]表