John-Steinbeck

JohnSteinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克(1902-1968)•I.Socialbackground•II.BiographyofJohnSteinbeckIII.MajorworksIV.Analysisofhismasterpiece,“TheGrapesofWrath”•I.Socialbackground1)TheGreatDepressionin1930sTheWallStreetcrashinOct.24,1929,“thebottomdroppedofthestockmarket”Result:a.Thedimdecadeof1930sreplacedtheglittering1920s.Banksfailed,factoriesclosedandagriculturewithered;Joblessmillionsroamedthestreet;thebreadlessstretchedlong;Absolutepovertyandstruggledforsurvivalisanightmarishexperienceoflife.b.ThephysicalwastelandreplacedthespritualwastelandrepresentedbyT.S.Eliot•II.BiographyofJohnSteinbeck1.BorninSalinas,California2.ReadwidelyespeciallyinEnglishclassicalliteratureundertheinfluenceofhisschoolmastermother3.Supportinghimselffromchildhood,workingatavarietyofmanualjobs:ranchhand,traineecarpenter,painter,laborerandchemist,whichprovidedfirst–handmaterials,observationsoftheattitudes,mannersandlanguageoftheworkingpeople,inparticular,themigrantfarmworkers•4.EnteringStanfordUniversityin1919asanEnglishmajorandleftwithoutadegreeduetothedisturbanceofvariousjobs.•5.In1925,hewentofNewYorkpursuingaliteraryprofession,bothasanewspaperreporterandalaborer•6.Publishinghismasterpiece“TheGrapesofWrath”in1939•7.In1962,hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,withthehonorarywords,for“hisrealisticandimaginativewritings,distinguishedastheyarebyasympathetichumorandasocialperception.”“通过现实主义的、寓于想象的创作，表现出富于同情的幽默和对社会的敏感观察”8.HediedofaheartattackonDec.121,1968inNewYork.•III.Majorworks1.Firstnovel:CupofGold(1929)《金杯》2.Worker’sTrilogy:a.InDubiousBattle(1936)《胜负未决》---Aboutthestrikebymigrantfarm-workersb.OfMiceandMen(1937)《人鼠之间》---themutualdependenceandshareddreamsofmigrantfarm-workersc.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)《愤怒的葡萄》hismasterpieceforwhichSteinbeckreceivedtheNobelPrizeforitin19623.TheMoonIsDown(1942)《月亮下去了》4.EastofGarden(1952)《伊甸园以东》IV.Analysisofhismasterpiece,“TheGrapesofWrath”•1.Sourceofthetitle•2.Introductionofthestory•3.Majorcharacters•4.Purposeofthenovel•5.Biblicalstructure•1.Sourceofthetitle---AwarsongoftheCivilWar,“TheBattleHymnoftheRepublic”《共和国的战斗赞美诗》：MineeyeshaveseenthegloryofthecomingoftheLord,Heistrampingoutthevintagewherethegrapesofwratharestored•“我的眼睛已经见到老爷驾临的荣光，他在践踏那些被储存了很久的愤怒的葡萄”•Questionsforconsideration•What’stheintentionofborrowingthetitlefromawarsong?---Animplicationofaninvinciblearmymarchingontovictory•Whatisimpliedinthesymbol“grapes”?---The“grapes”standforthebuildingup(集聚)ofthepressureandimminence(迫在眉睫)ofexplosionintoviolence•2.Introductionofthestory---Hisepicmasterpieceofsocialconsciousnessandacrisisnovel;---Apictureofhelplesspeoplecrushedbydroughtanddepression；---OneoftheclassicdocumentsoftheGreatDepression---ThethirteenmembersofthethreegenerationsoftheJoadfamilyaretheimpoverished(一贫如洗的)victimsoftheDustbowl1(美加西部的干旱尘暴)droughtinOklahoma；---Theysetoutonthetrek(长途跋涉)inanoldautomobiletheyboughtforalltheirfamilypropertyforCalifornia,inwhichtheybelievetheycouldseektheirpromisedland(福地).---Ontheroad,beforetheireyesare:a.Unspeakablepainandsufferingontheroad;b.Frequentlyoccurringdeathsc.Auniversallandscapeofdecayanddesolation---ReachingandsettlingdowninCalifornia,theymetwithbitterresistancefromthelocallandowners---WorkinginthemigrantlaborcampsinCalifornia,lifeprovedtobeamiseryofpovertyanddislocation(混乱):Evilsarewidespreadandwrathisabouttooverwhelmpatience---Asaresult,theJoadsjoinedinthemigrantworkers’strikeundertheinfluenceoftherusticsocialist,JimCasey;---AfterJimCaseywasmurdered,TomJoadbecamethelabororganizertocarryonJim’sworkwiththepowerfulsupportandcooperation.DustbowlOklahomadustbowlrefugees.SanFernando,California.•3.Majorcharacters13Joadfamilymembers:---TomJoad:fromanunconsciousstrikeparticipanttoaconsciouslabororganizer---JimCasy:arusticsocialistandthelabororganizer,whowasmurderedbythelandlord---RoseofSharon罗撒香:Tom’ssister,whogavebirthtoastillbornchild,offershermilktoadyingman,whichsymbolizesagleamofhopeoflifeandpeople’sconfidenceinhumannature•4.Purposeofthenovelshowingauthor’sclearexpressionofsympathywiththedispossessedandthewretched•5.Biblicalstructure1)The30chaptersfallinto3sections:---First10chapters:thedescriptionofthedrought;---Chapters13to18:thejourneyingtoCalifornia;---Theremaining12chapters:anarrativeofthelifeofthemigrantsinCalifornia•2)Biblicalinfluence---Thestorycorrespondsto“TheExodus”《出埃及记》intheOldTestamentoftheBible:TheancientJewswenttoEgyptinsearchoffoodandstayedtherefor400yearsandbecametheslavesoftheEgyptianPharaoh(埃及法老)；•TheGodsentMoses(摩西),asHisprophettoleadthemoutthroughthedeserttowardCanaan(迦南),thePromisedLand,theplacetheGodhadpromisedtoAbraham(亚伯拉罕，犹太人的始祖),theFatheroftheJews•UndertheoracleoftheGodwhenreachingCanaan,MosesmadetheTenCommandments摩西十诫•TheTenCommandments(摩西十诫)