ppt-A-contrastive-study-of-Chinese-and-English-wor

ChapterFourAcontrastivestudyofChineseandEnglishwordsandword-translationTeachingaims:•AnintroductiontothedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishwordsandtheessentialsofwordtranslationMajorcontents:1.meaningoftheword2.grammarrelatedtotheword3.idiomaticeuseandcollocationofwords4.context5.wordorder1.Meaningoftheword•Languagedevelopswiththedevelopmentofthesociety.Itisthesamecasewiththemeaningofwords.TaketheEnglishword“bird”asanexample,itsoriginalmeaningis“animal”---“featheredanimalwithtwowingsandtwolegs,usu.abletofly.”(Oxford,p129),butitcanbereferto“aperson”ininformalEnglishand“ayoungwoman”inslang.eg.Hegotanewbird(agirl-friend).anearlybird,aqueerbird,etc.•1)EquivalentsintheChineselanguagecanbefoundforsomeEnglishwords.Themeaningsofthesewordsarethesameinanycontexts.•China---中国•ThePacificOcean---太平洋•Hovercraft---气垫船•Tuberculosis---结核病•电—electricity•原子---atom2).partiallycorresponding•marriage---娶，嫁•brother---兄，弟•aunt---姑，姨，婶，舅妈•山---hill,mountain•借---lend,borrow•江，河---river•蛇---snake,serpent•乌鸦---raven,crow•你，您---you•杯子---cup,mug,glass•桌子---table,deskEg.•(1)舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。Mother’sbrotherhastakenthevasesawayfromthetable.(2)我属蛇。IwasbornintheChineseLunaryearofthesnake.3).polysemy•Englishwordsarebelievedtobecharacterizedbygreatvacillationandflexibility;themeaningofawordmayrangewidelyanditdependsmuchonthecontextualrelationshipasissaid”Wordsdonothavemeanings;Peoplehavemeaningsforwords.”Firth,founderofmodernEnglishlinguistics,putemphasisontheimportanceofcontextasfollows:”Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.”(Modesofmeaning,EssayandStudies,London,1951.p118)•UnlikethoseofEnglishwords,Chinesewordsarecomparativelyrigorous,accurateandfixedinmeaningwhichdonotrangesowidelyasEnglishwordsdo.Theydependlessonthecontextandarecomparativelyindependentofthecontext.•VacillationandflexibilityofEnglishwordsarecharacterizedbypolysemy.Themeaningofawordvarieswiththeframeofwordsandthejuxtaposedwords.•1.Ihaveashortmemory.我记忆力不好。•2.Herlifewasshortbutbrilliant.她的一生是短暂而光荣的。•3.Hecomplainedthatthenoticewastooshort.他埋怨说通知太仓促了。•4.Indeedhehasashorttemper.他确实是个急性子。*Ex.•Translatethefollowingaccordingtotherequirements:•1．我们对这件事当然有发言权（matter）.Ofcoursewehaveasayinthismatter.•2.真是想不到的事(surprise).Whatasurprise!•3.这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事(event).Thenewbookwastheculturaleventoftheyear.•4.各族人民的代表欢聚一堂，商讨国家大事(affairs).Representativesfromdifferentnationalitiesgatherinthesmallhalltodiscussaffairsofthestate.•5.这决不是轻而易举的事(job).It’scertainlynoeasyjob.6.从政治思想上关心学生是教师份内的事(duty).It’stheteacher’sdutytobeconcernedaboutthestudents’ideology.7.我已把事情讲清楚了（case）.I’vealreadyputthecaseclear.8.我可以举出好几件事来证明（instance）.Icancitequiteafewinstancestoillustrateit.9.这不是开玩笑的事儿。(joke)Thisisnojoke.10.那是件普通小事（incident）.Thatisanordinaryincident.11．警察叫汽车停下，对司机说：“你没有亮灯，先生，我必须给你一张违规通知单。”•Apolicemanstoppedthecarandsaidtothedriver,“Youhaven’tturnedyourlightson,sir,Imustgiveyouaticket”.12.他在伦敦那所广播、电视与函授大学学习时，常常认真做家庭作业，甚至连自由选题也作了。•DuringhisstudyintheOpenUniversityinLondonheoftendidhishomeworkconscientiouslyandevencompletedtheopenquestions.13.在快速作笔记时，人们喜欢用缩写词、首字母缩略词和首字母。•Injottingdown,peopleliketouseabbreviations,acronymsandinitials.2.Grammarrelatingtotheword•1)differenceinclassification•2）differenceinquantity•3)differenceinfrequencyofuseTheChineselanguageputsemphasisonParataxis(意合)whereastheEnglishlanguageHypotaxis(形合).3.Idiomaticuseandcollocationofwords•e.g.(1.)社会社会问题socialproblems•but:社会秩序publicorder•社会舆论publicopinion•(2).blacktea红茶•blackcoffee清咖啡(coffeewithoutmilk)•(3.)青山greenhill•青天bluesky•青布blackcloth•白蛇青蛇theWhiteSnakeandtheGreenSnake••(4.)牛皮纸袋brown-paperbag••(5)开车todriveacar•开门toopenthedoor•开船tosetsail•开机器tostart(run)amachine•开刀tooperate开收音机toturnonaradio•(6)a.我看出了他的心事。•Icouldreadhismind.•b.他看出了她的破绽。Hespottedherweakpoint.4.Context•Eg1.“上课了？”•Eg.2三四个筛酒的酒保，都手忙脚乱，搬东搬西。（施耐庵〈水浒传〉）•A:Buttheseservingmenweresobusy,theirhandsandfeetwereallinconfusion,andtheyweremovingthingshitherandthither,eastandwest.(AllMenAreBrothers)•B:…thefourorfivewaiterswerebusyrushingfromonetoanotherservingfoodanddrink.(OutlawsoftheMarsh)Classificationofcontext•2.Linguisticcontextandculturalcontext(Readthetextbookforfurtherinformation.)•1.Indiscoursetranslation,contextcanbeclassifiedassituationalcontextandculturalcontext.(LiYunxing,p.112)situationalcontext:•Eg.Neil,thenewchairmanoftheBurySt.EdmundsbranchoftheNationalFront,calledmeathomefromapayphoneinapub.Itlookedlikelythathewouldgetapprovalformetocomealongtotheirdiscoparty.Thedateforthepartyhadbeenfixed---Saturday,the14thofApril.CouldImakeit?Hesituationalcontext:wouldmeetmeatthestation.•1)英国民族阵线党、、、支部的新主席叫尼尔。他用啤酒店的公用电话往我家里打电话。看来他能为我争取到许可去参加他们的迪斯科舞会。舞会的日期已定在4月14日星期六。我能来吗？他将到车站接我。•2）他问我能去吗？还说要到车站接我。（情境标记：situationalmarker)5．Wordorder•B.wordorderinasentence(句中的词序)•A.wordorderinphrases(词组中的词序或字序)A.wordorderinphrases(词组中的词序或字序)•1).thesame:•eg.黑白---blackandwhite•好恶---likeordislike•2)reverse:•eg.南北---north-south•钢铁---ironandsteel•田径---trackandfield•中小学---elementaryandhighschools•3).fixedChinesewordorderbutflexibleEnglishwordorder:•Eg.男女儿童（not:女男儿童）---boysandgirls(sometimes:girlsandboys)•公私（not:私公）---