metafunction(元功能)

TheoriginandmeaningofmetafunctionMetafunction(纯理功能or元功能)韩礼德(MichaelHalliday）TheLondonschool:atraditionoflayingstressonthefunctionsoflanguageandattachinggreatimportancetocontextsofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage.Systemic-functionalGrammar（系统功能语法）•Thetermmetafunctionoriginatesinsystemicfunctionallinguisticsandisconsideredtobeapropertyofalllanguages.AccordingtoHalliday,thoughlanguagesvaryinhowandwhattheydo,andwhathumansdowiththeminthecontextsofhumanculturalpractice,alllanguagesareconsideredtobeshapedandorganisedinrelationtothreefunctions,ormetafunctions.•纯理功能思想是系统功能语法核心思想之一韩礼德认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求,在语言所必须完成的众多功能中,尽管这些功能千变万化，我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的最为抽象，最具概括性的功能，即纯理功能（元功能）它们是语言所固有的，具有语言的普遍特征。•Halliday'ssystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent，thatis,theinterpretationofgrammaticalpatternsintermsofconfigurationsoffunctions.Sinceheseesthesefunctionsasparticularlyrelevanttoteanalysisoftext(bywhichhemeanseverythingthatissaidorwritten),Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammarasessentiallyanaturegrammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained,ultimately,byreferencetohowlanguageisused.Hallidaybelievesthatlanguageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainfunctions.Inotherwords,socialdemandonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstucture.Heinterpretslanguagefromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctonaltheoryoflanguage.Origin•Hallidayviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenasthemasteryoflinguisticfunction,andlearningalanguageislearninfhowtomean.Soheproposessevenfunctionsinchildren'smodeloflanguage:(1)theinstrumentalfunction（工具功能）;(2)theregulatoryfunction（控制功能）;(3)theinteractionalfunction（交互功能）;(4)thepersonalfunction（自指性功能）;(5)theheuristicfunction（探索功能）;(6)theimaginativefunction（想象功能）;(7)theinformativefunction（信息功能）.•AccordingtoHalliday,theadult'slanguagebecomesmuchmorecomplexandithastoservemanymorefunctions,andtheoriginalfunctionalrangeofthechild'slanguageisgraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions,whicharemetafunctions:thetheideational,interpersonal,andtextualfunctions.Theideationalfunctionisfurtherdividedintotheexperientialandlogical.•从16个半月开始，幼儿语言开始向成人语言转化。在这个时期，幼儿开始运用成人语言中的词汇和语法。他们的语言功能也更为抽象和复杂。由于成人的语言更为复杂而且要完成很多功能，因此幼儿语言最初的功能范围逐渐缩小为一组高度字符化并且抽象的功能,，即元功能。•Metafunctionsaresystemicclusters;thatis,theyaregroupsofsemanticsystemsthatmakemeaningsofarelatedkind.•Hallidayarguesthattheconceptofmetafunctionisoneofasmallsetofprinciplesthatarenecessarytoexplainhowlanguageworks;thisconceptoffunctioninlanguageisnecessarytoexplaintheorganisationofthesemanticsystemoflanguage.Meaning•Thethreemetafunctionsaremappedontothestructureoftheclause.Forthisreason,systemiclinguistsanalyseaclausefromthreeperspectives.•Thesemetafunctionsappearsatanewlevelinthelinguisticsystem,takingtheformofgrammar.Thegrammaticalsystem,asitwere,afunctionalinputandastructuarloutput;itprovidesthemachanismfordifferentfunctionstobecombinedinoneutteranceinthewaytheadultrequires.InSFL,themetafunctionsoperatesimultaneously,andanyutteranceisaharmonyofchoicesacrossallthreefunctions.Metafunction纯理功能Ideationalfunction（概念功能）Interpersonalfunction(人际功能)experientialfunction（经验功能）Textualfunction（语篇功能）logicalfunction(逻辑功能)Ideationalfunction概念功能•Theideationalfunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Presentinalllanguageuses,theideationalfunctionisameaningpotential,becausewhateverspecifcuseoneismakingoflanguagehehastorefertocategoriesofhisexperienceoftheworld.Itincludestheexperientialfunctionandthelogicalfunction.•Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsoftransitivity（及物性系统）andvoice(语态).Thisfunctionnotonlyspecifiestheavailableoptionsinmeaningbutalsodeterminesthenatureoftheirstructuralrealisations.Forexample,Johnbuiltanewhousecanbeanalysedasaconfigurationofthefunctionroles:Actor:JohnProcess:Material:Creation：builtGoal:Affected:anewhouse•Experientialfunction经验功能•Theexperientialfunctionreferstothegrammaticalchoicesthatenablespeakerstomakemeaningsabouttheworldaroundusandinsideus:•经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心世界）中的各种经历的表达。换言之，就是反映客观世界中所发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点等环境因素。•Logicalfunction逻辑功能•Hallidaydescribesthelogicalfunctionasthosesystems“whichsetuplogical–semanticrelationshipsbetweenoneclausalunitandanother”•指的是是语言对两个或两个以上的意义单位之间逻辑关系的表达。•Interpersonalfunction(人际功能)•TheInterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.Becausctheclauseisnotconfinedtotheexpressionoftransitivity,therearenon一ideationalelementsintheadultlanguagesystem.人际功能是指语言具有表达说话者身份、地位、态度、动机和对事物的判断、参加社会活动、建立社会关系等功能。•InterpersonalfunctionisrealisedbyMOOD(语气)andMODALITY（情态）.Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignstotheaddressee.Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemood,heassumestheroleofonegivingcommandsandputstheaddresseeintheroleofoneexpectedtoobeyorders.•Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgementormakingaprediction.•Forexample,Givemethatteapot!Moodismadeupoftwoparts:theSubject,,andtheFinite,,element.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,anounphrase,oraclause.Eg.Toarguewiththecaptai