drug resistance and allergies

MedicalEnglish:AReadingCourse(I)外国语学院张婉E-mail:[e-mail]2DrugResistanceandAllergies•1.Vocabulary•WordsEndingInx•SuffixesBeginningWithrh•NounSuffixes•AdjectiveSuffixes•PluralEndings•常见的医学英语词缀•2.Lead-in•3.Textanalysis•4.DiscussionWordsEndingInx•Whenawordendinginxhasasuffixadded,thexischangedtoagorac.•pharynx[ˈfæriŋks](throat)•Pharyngeal[ˌfærinˈdʒi:əl]“pertainingtothethroat”;•coccyx[ˈkɔksiks](terminalportionofthevertebral•column)尾骨•Coccygeal[kɔkˈsidʒiəl]“pertainingtothecoccyx”;•thorax[ˈθɔ:rˌæks](chest)胸•thoracotomy[ˌθɔ:rəˈkɔtəmi]“anincisionintothechest.”胸廓切开术SuffixesBeginningWithrh•Whenasuffixbeginningwithrhisaddedtoaroot,therisdoubled:•hem/o(blood)+-rhage(burstingforth)=hemorrhage(aburstingforthofblood)•men/o(menses[ˈmensi:z])+-rhea(flow,discharge)=menorrhea(menstrual[ˈmenstru:əl]flow)NounSuffixesSUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-iaphobia[ˈfəʊbi:ə]persistentandexaggeratedfear恐惧-ismAlcoholism[ˈælkəhɔ:ˌlɪzəm]impairedcontrolofalcoholuse酗酒-sis*Acidosis[ˌæsiˈdəusis]acidconditionofbodyfluids酸中毒-ytetany[ˈtetəni]sustainedmusclecontraction手足抽搐*Theending-sismayappearwithacombiningvowel,as-osis,-iasis,-esis,or-asis.Thefirsttwoofthesedenoteanabnormalcondition.Table1:SuffixesThatMean“ConditionOf”Table2:NounSuffixes:SuffixesforMedicalSpecialtiesSUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESUFFIX-ianspecialistinafieldofstudyphysicianpractitionerofmedicine(fromrootphysi/o,meaning“nature”)-iatricsmedicalspecialtyGeriatrics[dʒeriˈætriks]studyandtreatmentoftheaged(fromrootger/i,meaning“oldage”)老人病学-iatrymedicalspecialtyPodiatry[pəˈdaɪətri:]studyandtreatmentofthefoot(fromrootpod/o,meaning“foot”)美足部医疗Table2:NounSuffixes:SuffixesforMedicalSpecialtiesContinued-icsmedicalspecialtyOrthopedics[ˌɔ:θəˈpi:dɪks]studyandtreatmentoftheskeletonandjoints(fromrootped/o,meaning“child,”andprefixortho,meaning“straight”)整形手术-istspecialistinafieldofstudycardiologistspecialistinthestudyandtreatmentoftheheart(fromrootcardi/o,meaning“heart”)-logystudyofphysiologyStudyoffunctioninalivingorganism(fromrootphysi/o,meaning“nature”)生理学SUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESUFFIXAdjectiveSuffixes•Thesuffixesbelowarealladjectiveendingsthatmean“pertainingto”or“resembling”(Table3).Therearenorulesforwhichendingtouseforagivennoun.Familiaritycomeswithpractice.Table3:AdjectiveSuffixes:SuffixesThatMean“Pertainingto”or“Resembling”SUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-accardiacpertainingtotheheart-alskeletalpertainingtotheskeleton-armuscularpertainingtomuscles-arydietarypertainingtothediet-formmuciformlikeorresemblingmucus粘液样的Table3:AdjectiveSuffixes:SuffixesThatMean“Pertainingto”or“Resembling”ContinuedSUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-ic*metricpertainingtoameter(unitofmeasurement)-ical(ic+al)anatomicalpertainingtoanatomy-ilefebrile[ˈfebrəl]pertainingtofever-oidtoxoidresemblingtoxin(poison)-oryrespiratorypertainingtorespiration-ousvenouspertainingtoaveinTable4:PluralEndingsWORDENDINGPLURALENDINGSINGULAREXAMPLEPLURALEXAMPLEaaegingiva(gum)牙垠[dʒinˈdʒaivə]gingivaeeninaforamen(opening)[fəˈreimen]孔，小孔foramina[fəˈræmənə]ex,ix,yxicesappendix(somethingadded)阑尾；附加物appendices[əˈpendɪˌsi:z]isesdiagnosis(identificationofdisease)diagnosesmamatastigma(markorscar)烙印；（病的）特征Stigmata[stɪgˈmɑ:tə]Table4:PluralEndingsContinuedWORDENDINGPLURALENDINGSINGULAREXAMPLEPLURALEXAMPLEnx(anx,inx,ynx)ngesphalanx(boneoffingerortoe)指骨,趾骨Phalanges[fæˈlændʒi:z]onaspermatozoon(malereproductivecell)精子[spə:mətəuˈzəuən]Spermatozoa[ˌspə:mətəuˈzəuə]umaovum(egg)卵子，卵细胞ovausiiembolus栓子，栓塞物emboliSomeExceptionstotheRules•Thereareexceptionstotherulesaboveforformingplurals.Forexample,thepluralofvirusisviruses,andserumsissometimesusedinsteadofsera[ˈsiərə].An-esendingmaybeaddedtowordsendingin-exor-ixtoformaplural,asinappendixes,apexes[ˈeɪpeksiz]顶,andindexes•Somepeople,inerror,usephalangeasthesingularofphalanges.Wordsendingin-oma,meaning“tumor,”•shouldbechangedto-omata,butmostpeoplejustaddanstoformtheplural.Forexample,thepluralofcarcinoma[ˌkɑ:siˈnəumə](atypeofcancer)shouldbecarcinomata,butcarcinomasiscommonlyused.常见的医学英语词缀(suffixes)•-cide,杀：•bactericide•parasiticide•-emia,bloodcondition血症•leukemia•-gen,somethingthatproducedorprouduces•Pathogen•Antigen•allergen•杀菌剂•杀寄生虫药•白血病（俗称血癌）•amicroorganismoragentcapableofproducingdisease病菌，病原体•抗原•过敏原常见的医学英语词缀(suffixes)•-pathy,disease;diseasedcondition•ophthalmopathy•angiocardiopathy•-cyte,cellheptocyte-lysis,breakdown,destructionhemolysis眼病心血管病肝细胞thedestructionorbreakdownofredbloodcellswithreleaseofhemoglobin溶血常见的医学英语词缀(suffixes)•-itis,theinflammationof…..炎:•hepatitis肝炎;(hepat/o:liver)•arteritis动脉炎;(arter/o:artery)•vasculitis血管炎;(vascul/o:vas/o:vessel)•nephritis肾炎;(nephr/o:kidney)•pancreatitis胰腺炎;(pancreat/o:pancreas)•ovaritis;oophoritis卵巢炎;(ovary=oophron)•pleuritis胸膜炎;(pleur/o:pleura)•cerebritis大脑炎;(cerebro-大脑)•encephalitis脑炎常见的医学英语词缀(suffixes)•..…术…operationof.•缝合术:-orraphyaneurysmorraphy(suture);动脉瘤缝术aneurysm:动脉瘤•切除术:-ectomy:removalpharyngectomy咽切除pharyng/o:pharynx;•appendectomy:阑尾切除术append/o:appendic/o:appendix阑尾•固定术:-pexy:fixing•rectopexy直肠固定术rect/o:rectum常见的医学英语词缀(Suffixes)•常见药物词缀：