哈佛大学公开课justice自己整理版

Thisisacourseaboutjusticeandwebeginwithastory.这是一堂关于公平与正义的公共课，让我们先从一个故事讲起Supposeyou’rethedriverofatrolleycar,andyourtrolleycarishurtlingdownthetrackat60milesanhour.假设你现在是一辆有轨电车的司机而你的电车正在铁轨上以时速60英里疾驶Andattheendofthetrackyounoticefiveworkersworkingonthetrack.在铁轨末端，你发现有五个工人在铁轨上工作Youtrytostopbutyoucan't,yourbrakesdon’twork.你尽力想停下电车,但是你做不到，电车的刹车失灵了Youfeeldesperatebecauseyouknowthatifyoucrashintothesefiveworkers,theywillalldie.你觉得十分绝望,因为你知道如果你就这样撞向这5个工人,他们必死无疑Let’sassumeyouknowthatforsure.假定你很清楚这一点Andsoyoufeelhelplessuntilyounoticethatthereis,offtotheright,asidetrackandattheendofthattrack,thereisoneworker,workingonthetrack.正当你感到无助的时候,你突然发现就在右边一条岔道,那根轨道的尽头只有一个工人在那里工作Yoursteeringwheelworks,soyoucanturnthetrolleycar,ifyouwantto,ontothesidetrackkillingtheonebutsparingthefive.你的方向盘没有失灵,只要你愿意你可以让电车转向到那条分叉铁轨上撞死一个工人但却因此救了另外5个人Here’sourfirstquestion:what’stherightthingtodo?现在提出第一个问题,我们该怎么做才对?Whatwouldyoudo?Let’stakeapoll.你会怎么做?我们做个调查看看Howmanywouldturnthetrolleycarontothesidetrack?Raiseyourhands.有多少人会选择让电车转向到分叉铁轨上,请举手Howmanywouldn’t?Howmanywouldgostraightahead?多少人不会?多少人选择就这样笔直开下去?Keepyourhandsupthoseofyou,whowouldgostraightahead.选笔直开下去的人先别放手Ahandfulofpeoplewould,少数人会thevastmajoritywouldturn.大多数人选择转向Let’shearfirst,nowweneedtobegintoinvestigatethereasonswhyyouthink让我们先听听看现在我们研究下你为什么觉得it'stherightthingtodo.这样做是正确的Let’sbeginwiththoseinthemajoritywhowouldturntogo让我们先从大多数人开始吧,谁选择转向的?ontothesidetrack.Whywouldyoudoit?你为什么这么选?Whatwouldbeyourreason?Who’swillingtovolunteerareason?你的理由是什么?谁愿意给我一个理由的?Goahead.Standup.站起来说吧Becauseitcan'tberighttokillfivepeoplewhenyoucanonlykillonepersoninstead.因为当你可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定是不对的Itwouldn’tberighttokillfiveifyoucouldkillonepersoninstead.That’sagoodreason.当可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定不对这是个好理由That’sagoodreason.Whoelse?这是个好理由其他人呢?Doeseverybodyagreewiththatreason?Goahead.每个人都同意刚刚那个理由么?你来WellIwasthinkingit’sthesamereasonon9/11withregardtothepeoplewhoflewtheplaneintothePennsylvaniafieldasheroesbecausetheychosetokillthepeopleontheplaneandnotkillmorepeopleinbigbuildings.我觉得这和9.11的一项事件是同样原因,我们把那些将飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚空地的人视为英雄.因为他们选择只牺牲飞机里的人从而拯救了大楼里的更多生命Sotheprincipletherewasthesameon9/11.所以原因和9.11事件中那些人的选择是相同的It’satragiccircumstancebutbettertokillonesothatfivecanlive,isthatthereasonmostofyouhad,thoseofyouwhowouldturn?Yes?虽然一定会发生悲剧但只撞死一个人好过撞死五个你们大多数人是不是都这么想选择转向的各位,是么?Let’shearnowfromthoseintheminority,thosewhowouldn’tturn.Yes.现在让我们听听那些少数人的想法选择直行的人……Well,Ithinkthat’sthesametypeofmentalitythatjustifiesgenocideandtotalitarianism.我觉得这和对种族灭绝与极权主义的诡辩相似Inordertosaveonetypeofrace,youwipeouttheother.Sowhatwouldyoudointhiscase?为了拯救一个种族,你抹去了其他的种族，那么在这个事例中你会怎么做?Youwould,toavoidthehorrorsofgenocide,youwouldcrashintothefiveandkillthem?你会,为了避免骇人的种族灭绝主义而选择撞死那5个人么?Presumably,yes.理论上,是这样Youwould?真的?-Yeah.是Okay.Whoelse?That’sabraveanswer.好吧,还有谁?这是个大胆的想法Thankyou.谢谢Let’sconsideranothertrolleycarcase让我们再考虑另一个有关电车的例子andseewhetherthoseofyouinthemajoritywanttoadheretotheprinciple“betterthatoneshoulddiesothatfiveshouldlive.”看看是不是那些占多数的人仍然会坚持刚才的原则“牺牲一个人总好过撞死5个人.”Thistimeyou’renotthedriverofthetrolleycar,这次你不是电车的司机了you’reanonlooker.You’restandingonabridgeoverlookingatrolleycartrack.你是个旁观者,你站在桥上俯瞰桥下电车的铁轨Anddownthetrackcomesatrolleycar,attheendofthetrackarefiveworkers,thebrakesdon’twork,thetrolleycarisabouttocareenintothefiveandkillthem.此时电车开过铁轨尽头有5个工人刹车失灵，电车马上就要冲向那5个人了Andnow,you’renotthedriver,youreallyfeelhelplessuntilyounoticestandingnexttoyou,leaningoverthebridgeisaveryfatman.而这次,你不是司机你真的感到毫无办法直到你突然发现,你旁边一个非常非常胖的人靠在桥上Andyoucouldgivehimashove.你可以推他一下Hewouldfalloverthebridgeontothetrackrightinthewayofthetrolleycar.他会摔下桥而且挡住电车的去路Hewoulddiebuthewouldsparethefive.虽然他会被压死,但因此另外五个人将得救.Now,howmanywouldpushthefatmanoverthebridge?这次,多少人会推一把桥上的胖子Raiseyourhand.举起你的手Howmanywouldn’t?多少人不会这样做?Mostpeoplewouldn’t.Here’stheobviousquestion.绝大多数人不会问题显而易见Whatbecameoftheprinciple“bettertosavefivelivesevenifitmeanssacrificingone?”刚才的原则发生了什么?牺牲一个人总比牺牲5个人好?Whatbecameoftheprinciplethatalmosteveryoneendorsedinthefirstcase?Ineedtohearfromsomeone刚才第一个事例里几乎每个人都赞同的原则怎么了么?我要听听。whowasinthemajorityinbothcases.两次都站在多数人阵营里的人的想法Howdoyouexplainthedifferencebetweenthetwo?Yes.你怎么解释前后不同的选择?你来Thesecondone,Iguess,involvesanactivechoiceofpushingapersondownwhichIguessthatpersonhimselfwouldotherwisenothavebeeninvolvedinthesituationatall.第二个例子,我觉得,涉及到主动选择的问题。我想去推一个人,而那个人本不会涉及到这场事故里andsotochooseonhisbehalf,Iguess,toinvolvehiminsomethingthatheotherwisewouldhaveescapedis,Iguess,morethanwhatyouhaveinthefirstcasewherethethreeparties,thedriverandthetwosetsofworkers,arealready,Iguess,inthesituation.我们替他做了选择,把他卷入进来,而这件事本与他无关;但第一个例子里,三方,司机、两队工人已经身在这麻烦事当中了。Buttheguyworking,theoneonthetrackofftotheside,但是那个在铁轨上单独工作的家伙hedidn’tchoosetosacrificehislifeanymorethanthefatmandid,didhe?他没有自己选择牺牲他的生命,而胖子也是这样,不是么?That’strue,buthewasonthetracksand…是的,但是他已经在铁轨上了所以……Thisguywasonthebridge.那那个胖子也已经在桥上了啊Goahead;youcancomebackifyouwant.Allright.你愿意的话可以待会儿接着说.好吧.It’sahardquestion.Youdidwell.Youdidverywell.这是个很困难的问题,你做的很好,你做的很好It’sahardquestion.问题很难.Whoelsecanfindawayofreconcilingthereactionofthemajorityinthesetwocases?Yes.还有谁能综合解