Cold-War

ColdWar——李广健&谢耿USSRvsUSCommunismvsDemocracySocialismvsCapitalismDefinition•Thecoldwar,datedfrom1947to1991,wasasustainedstateofpoliticalandmilitarytensionbetweenpowersintheWesternBloc,dominatedbytheUnitedStateswithNATOamongitsallies,andpowersintheEasternBloc,dominatedbytheSovietUnionalongwiththeWarsawPact.WhywecallitcoldwarBecauseitisusuallythroughalocalproxywar,scienceandtechnologycompetition,armsrace,diplomaticcompetitionandothercoldmodes,namelymutualcontainmentbutwithoutresortingtoforces,socalledColdWarBriefIntroducionColdWar(1947─1991)•Prologue:IronCurtainSpeech(signaltothecoldwar,1946.3)•Beginning:TrumanDoctrine(1947)•Ending:①thecollapseofSovietUnion②thedrasticchangesinEasternEurope(1991.12)③GermanUnification•Twomajorcamps:①CampofCapitalism(theUS)②CampofSocialism(theSovietUnion)•Involvedcountries:theUS,theUSSR,EasternEuope,WesternEuropeMilitaryBlocs(NATOVSWTO)NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)•Time:1949•Countries:12WesterncountriesledbytheUnitedStates•Target:theSoviet-ledsocialistcountriesinEasternEurope•Feature:collectivedefense•Purpose:theUS,incorporatedwithCanadaandsomeEuropeancountries,competeagainstcontainmentoftheSovietUnion请在此处添加标题WTO(WarsawTreatyOrganization)•Time:1955•Countries:SovietUnion&7EasternEuropeancountries•Target:theUS-ledcapitalistcountries•Feature:individualorcollectiveself-defense•Purpose:theSovietUnion,incorporatedwithEasternEuropeancountries,competeagainsttheUS&WesternEurope;EasternEuropecanbefurthercontrolledPerformanceofBothSides•Politic:theUnitedStatesputforwardtheTrumandoctrine;theSovietUnionestablishtheEuropeanintelligenceagency•Economy:(theMarshallPlan)theUnitedStatesoffersfinancialsupportstowesternEuropeancountriessoastocontrolWesternEuropeandcurtailtheSovietUnion;theSovietUnionestablishedtheCouncilofMutualEconomicAssistance•Military:NATOwasfoundedintheUnitedStates;theSovietUnionestablishedtheWarsawTreatyOrganization.ProcessoftheColdWar•PhasesOne:theUnitedStates(offensive);theSovietUnion(defensive)美国攻势，苏联防守(1947—theearly1960s)•PhaseTwo:theSovietUnion(offensive);theUnitedStates(defensive)苏联攻势，美国防守(themid1960s—theearly1980s)•PhaseThree:theUnitedStates(strongoffensive)theSovietUnion(disintegration)——markstheendofcoldwar美国强势出击，苏联重创崩溃(themid1980s—1991)MajorEvents：•TheCubanMissileCrisis(1962,PhaseOne)•TheVietnamWar(1955─1975,PhaseOne&PhaseTwo)•TheKoreanWar(1950─1953,PhaseOne)•TheBerlinCrisis(1948,PhaseOne)•BerlinWall(builtin1961,PhaseOne;demolishedin1989,PhaseThree)ReasonsfortheColdWar•UnderlyingCauses:①theantagonismofthetwoideologies;②tofightforrespectivenationalinterests;③powerrivalry•ImmediateCauses:①extensionofRussianinfluenceineasternandcentralEurope;②theTrumanDoctrine&theMarshallPlanin1947NegativeEffects•ThecoldwarcostsomuchmoneythattheSovietUnionwentbrokebecauseofthepriceofthearmsrace.•Itcausednationswiththesameideologytobandtogetheragainstnationswhoseideologywasopposite.•Themoremoneyspentonmilitarybuild-up,thelessmoneyspentoneducationandhealthcare.•ItledtodestructiveconflictsliketheVietnamWarandtheKoreanWar.•Americabecamethesolesuperpoweroftheworld.PositiveEffects•Ithelpedtocreateastablepoliticalworld.•Ethniccleansingwasalmostnon-existent.•Theworldeconomicsituationwassubsequentlyandgreatlyimprovedbythemilitarybuild-upcausedbythecoldwar.•TheimplementationoftheAmericanMarshallPlanandtheCommunistMolotovPlan,thenucleararmsrace,andtheglobalmilitarybuild-upallservedtocreateglobalpoliticalstabilityandeconomicprosperity.•TheBerlinWallwasdemolishedandthetwoGermannationswereunified.ThankYou