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FightingwiththeForcesofNatureUnit1(Book4)Sceneofwar戚元方公共邮箱地址[e-mail]:english09qiMyemail:[e-mail]sterofthewarNapoleonBonaparte(1769−1821)EmperoroftheFrench,whoconsolidatedandinstitutionalizedmanyreformsoftheFrenchRevolution.Oneofthegreatestmilitarycommandersofalltime,heconqueredthelargerpartofEurope.During1802--1815NapoleontriedtogaincontrolofthewholeofEurope.HehadgreatsuccessagainstallhisenemiesexceptBritain,whosenavyunderNelsondefeatedtheFrenchnavyattheBattleofTrafalgarin1805,andwhosearmyfoughtthePeninsularWaragainsthimfrom1808to1814,makinghimweakerinhisothercampaigns.In1812NapoleonlosthalfamillionmenwhenheinvadedRussiainwinter,andin1814theBritish,Russians,PrussiansandAustriansenteredParis.TheysentNapoleontoruletheislandofElbaintheMediterranean,buthecollectedanarmyaroundhimandreturnedtoParis.Hewassoondefeatedagain,attheBattleofWaterlooin1815,andwassenttotheislandofSt.HelenainthesouthAtlantic,wherehediedin1821.TheBattleofWaterlooTheBattleofWaterlooisthefinalanddecisiveactionoftheNapoleonicWars,whicheffectivelyendedFrenchdominationoftheEuropeancontinentandbroughtaboutdrasticchangesinthepoliticalboundariesandthepowerbalanceofEurope.FoughtonJune18,1815,nearWaterloo,inwhatisnowBelgium,thebattleranksasagreatturningpointinmodernhistory.AdolfHitler(1889~1945)Germanpoliticalandmilitaryleaderandoneofthe20thcentury’smostpowerfuldictators.HitlerconvertedGermanyintoafullymilitarizedsocietyandlaunchedWorldWarIIin1939.hemadeanti-Semitismakeystoneofhispropagandaandpoliciesandmovement.Hehopedtoconquertheentireworld,andforatimedominatedmostofEuropeandmuchofNorthAfrica.HeinstitutedsterilizationandeuthanasiameasurestoenforcehisideaofracialpurityamongtheGermanpeopleandslaughteredmillionsofJews,SintiandRoma(Gypsies),Slavicpeoples,andmanyothers,allofwhomheconsideredinferior.JosephStarlin(1879~1953)TextATheIcyDefendersTheRedArmyoftheSovietUnionTheStructureoftheTextTopicExplanation-----------------------------------------------ReasonsEvidenceExamplesExperimentStoriesComments1.Whatisthetopicofthetext?FightingwiththeForcesofNature(OrIcyDefenders)2.Mainlythroughwhich,doesthepassagesupportthetopic?Thestoriesoftwoinvasions3.Whatisthecommentoftheauthor?Natureplaysanimportantpartinfighting.Questions:PredictionStrengthofinvadingforceStartingtimeofinvasionStarterofwarCountryinvadedInvadingcountryAComparison-and-ContrastAnalysisoftheTwoInvasionsFranceRussiaNapoleonSpring,1812600,000Quickvictory,conquestofRussiain5weeksGermanySovietUnionHitler6/22/1941ThelargestlandcampaigninhistoryBlitzkrieg(lightningwar),lastingnolongerthan3monthsWar-starter’sfateFateoftheinvadingforceTurningpointBiggestenemyfortheinvadingforcesnow,freezingtemperatureOctober1812whenNapoleonorderedaretreatonly100,000survivedNapoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanendheavyrain,“GeneralMud”,snow,freezingtemperature1943,whentheSoviettroopspushedtheGermanforcesbackheavylossesHitlercommittedsuicide,hisempirecollapsingTextAnalysisAComparison-and-ContrastAnalysisoftheTwoInvasionsfierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow--theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.2.In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler’smilitarymightwasunequaled.1.In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedfortheresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.HiswarmachinehadmoweddownNapoleon’sCampaignbordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.3.Inthespringof1812,Napoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthe4.Shortlyafterwards,Napoleon’sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.5.InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.Hewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?6.NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinfiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.7.Again,t